diff --git a/006/images/smallcaps.png b/006/images/smallcaps.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29c40b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/006/images/smallcaps.png differ diff --git a/006/include/chap03.tex b/006/include/chap03.tex index 84f10fc..97f2007 100644 --- a/006/include/chap03.tex +++ b/006/include/chap03.tex @@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ One of the most confusing things in \LaTeX{} for some people is how to format te There are two key concepts to keep in mind here. The first concept to keep in mind here is that \LaTeX{} has both \textit{commands} and \textit{environments} to style text. The second concept is that ``text'' is not just a collection of characters, but a collection of characters with \textit{distinct groups of characteristics}. -Those characteristics include: +\section{Text Characteristics} + +The history of making marks on paper (or clay) goes a long way back in our history, so the subject of type and how to talk about it is complex, but interesting. Needless to say, we don't have the space to discuss all of it here, so we'll just look at those things that \LaTeX{} gives us control over. Those characteristics are: \begin{itemize}[noitemsep] \item Typeface @@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ Those characteristics include: Let's look at each of these in turn.\footnote{For the illustrations here, I am hugely grateful to the StackExhange user \kref{https://tex.stackexchange.com/users/4918/tobi}{Tobi}, who provided examples at \kref{https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/139592/245702}{https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/139592/245702}.} -\section{Typefaces} +\subsection{Typefaces} For better or for worse, the rise of the Apple Macintosh led to a blurring between the words ``typeface'' and ``font''. What most people mean when they say ``font'' and what your GUI-based word-processing program is actually referring to in its ``Font'' menu is actually a \textit{typeface}, which means a collection of characters styled in a particular way. ``Times New Roman'' is a typeface, ``Verdana'' and ``Arial'' are others. @@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ A serif font has small decorative lines attached to the ends of letters, whereas In a proportional font, each letter takes up a different width. Some letters, such as \textsf{m} and \textsf{w}, are fairly wide, whereas other, such as \textsf{i} and \textsf{l}, are fairly narrow, and most other letters are somewhere in between. In a monospace font, each letter takes up the same exact width. The \textsf{kpfonts} package I use for the text in this zine is a proportional font, but the code samples are in a monospace font. \texttt{This sentence is typeset in a monospace font.} Typewriters typically use a monospace font, but as computers became commonly available, a few of them could actually type in a proportional font.\footnote{Typewriters are a particular love of mine, and I can go on about them at considerable length. Don't get me started.} -\section{Shape} +\subsection{Shape} The \textit{shape} of a font refers to how the individual characters are formed.\footnote{This is a terrible definition, but it is what it is. I didn't make the rules here.} Shape can be upright (i.e., ``normal'' or ``roman''), italic, slanted, and small caps. @@ -39,18 +41,59 @@ This is what they look like in a serif typeface: \ksamp{large}{Normal abc}{-3}{-2} +\noindent{}You can see the different between the italic and slanted versions in this sample. + And here is what they look like in a sans-serif typeface: \textsf{\ksamp{large}{Normal abc}{-5}{-1}} It's interesting to note that in the Cantarell typeface, the italic and the slanted shapes are pretty much identical, and it also doesn't include a small caps version at all. Some font packages include these, and some do not. As always, you should read the font documentation to see what is included. -\section{Series} +I should also point out that small caps are not the same as using capital letters, and typesetting the first letter of a word in a larger size. Small caps are a separate set of glyphs in which all the characters have the same stroke thickness. + +\begin{center} +\frame{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{smallcaps}} +\end{center} + +\subsection{Series} Series is usually known as \textit{weight}, or how bold a particular bit of text is. In theory, you could have a number of different series or weights (and CSS does allow for this) but in reality, most typefaces are available either as \textit{normal} (i.e., not bold) or \textit{bold}. (A few also have a ``light'' option, but this is rare in my experience.) -Almost all of the text you read is ``normal'' weight, but \textbf{this bit is in bold} (which is also called ``boldface''). +Almost all of the text you read is ``normal'' weight, but \textbf{this bit is in bold} (which is also called ``boldface''). Boldface is sometimes used for emphasis, but it is more typically used to highlight important words or phrases. -\section{Size} +\subsection{Size} -Size is easy to figure out: it just refers to how large a bit of text appears, either on screen or on paper. In reality, a typeface's size is much more complicated than that. \ No newline at end of file +Size is easy to figure out: it just refers to how large a bit of text appears, either on screen or on paper. In reality, a typeface's size is much more complicated than that. Font sizes are usually measured in \textbf{points}, the size of which has varied over the years. With digital printing, points are usually defined as being \nicefrac{1}{72} of an inch, or exactly $0.352\bar{7}$ millimeters. (I could go on at length about this, but I won't. If you are interested, you might want to read \kref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)}{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point\_(typograp\\hy)}.) + +\section{Commands and Environments} + +\LaTeX{} has both modal commands that change \textit{all} the text following that command, and environments that change the text only within that environment. Here's a summary: + +\begin{longtblr} +[ + caption = {Summary of Text Formatting in \LaTeX{} }, + label = {tb:}, +% theme = {custom1} +]{ + width = {\textwidth}, + colspec = { X[1,l] X[2,c] X[2,c] }, + hlines = {0.5pt,solid}, + vline{1,4} = {0.5pt,solid}, + rows = {5mm, m, rowsep=1.5pt}, + rowhead = 1, + cells = {font=\sffamily\fontsize{8pt}{10pt}\selectfont}, + row{1} = {font=\bfseries}, + verb, +} +Characteristic & Command & Environment \\ +Roman & \verb|\rmfamily| & \verb|\textrm{}| \\ +Sans-Serif & \verb|\sffamily| & \verb|\textsf{}| \\ +Monospace & \verb|\ttfamily| & \verb|\texttt{}| \\ +Italic & \verb|\itshape| & \verb|\textit{}| \\ +Upright & \verb|\upshape| & \verb|\textup{}| \\ +Slanted & \verb|\slshape| & \verb|\textsl{}| \\ +Small Caps & \verb|\scshape| & \verb|\textsc{}| \\ +Boldface & \verb|\bfseries| & \verb|\textbf{}| \\ +Medium & \verb|\mdseries| & \verb|\textmd{}| \\ +Return to normal for the class & \verb|\normalfont| & \verb|textnormal{}| \\ +\end{longtblr}