Simple-Sabotage-Field-Manual/ssfm.tex

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\author{United States Office of Strategic Services}
\title{Simple Sabotage Field Manual}
\date{17 January 1944}


\begin{document}

\maketitle

\clearpage

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\begin{adjustwidth}{2.5in}{0in}
Office of Strategic Services \\ \\
Washington, D.C.\\ \\
17 January 1944
\end{adjustwidth}

\vspace{7em}

This Simple Sabotage Field Manual Strategic Services
(Provisional) is published for the information and guidance of
all concerned and will be used as the basic doctrine for
Strategic Services training for this subject.

The contents of this Manual should be carefully controlled
and should not be allowed to come into unauthorized hands.

The instructions may be placed in separate pamphlets or
leaflets according to categories of operations but should be
distributed with care and not broadly. They should be used as a
basis of radio broadcasts only for local and special cases and as
directed by the theater commander.

AR 380-5, pertaining to handling of secret documents, will
be complied with in the handling of this Manual.

\begin{flushright}
\includegraphics[scale=0.2]{img01}
\end{flushright}

\begin{adjustwidth}{2.5in}{0in}
\begin{center}
William J. Donovan \\
\vspace{1.5em}
Director
\end{center}
\end{adjustwidth}


\tableofcontents

\chapter{Introduction}

\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=-1pt]{T}{he} purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage,
to outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for
inciting and executing it.

Sabotage varies from highly technical \textit{coup de main} acts that
require detailed planning and the use of specially-trained
operatives, to innumerable simple acts which the ordinary
individual citizen-saboteur can perform. This paper is
primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does
not require specially prepared tools or equipment; it is
executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act
individually and without the necessity for active connection
with an organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as
to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.

Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-
saboteur are salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other
materials he might normally be expected to possess as a
householder or as a worker in his particular occupation. His
arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of
tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage are usually
objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access in
everyday life.

A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive
tools whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by
highly indirect means. It is based on universal opportunities to
make faulty decisions, to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and
to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be
simply a matter of placing tools in one spot instead of another.
A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothing more than
creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow workers,
engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity.

This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the ``human
element'' is frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and
general obstruction even under normal conditions. The
potential saboteur should discover what types of faulty
decisions and the operations are \textit{normally} found in this kind of
work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlarge that``margin for error''

\chapter{Possible Effects}

\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=-2pt]{A}{cts} of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An
effort should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their
detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple
sabotage, multiplied by thousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be
an effective weapon against the enemy. Slashing tires, draining
fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly,
short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will
waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on a wide
scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on
the war effort of the enemy.

Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or
less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass
and demoralize enemy administrators and police. Further,
success may embolden the citizen-saboteur eventually to find
colleagues who can assist him in sabotage of greater
dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple sabotage by
natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these
individuals identify themselves actively with the United
Nations war effort, and encourage them to assist openly in
periods of Allied invasion and occupation.


\chapter{Motivating the Saboteur}

\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=2pt, nindent=-0pt]{T}{o} incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage
and to keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained
periods is a special problem.

Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs
according to his own initiative and inclination. Acts of
destruction do not bring him any personal gain and may be
completely foreign to his habitually conservationist attitude
toward materials and tools. Purposeful stupidity is contrary to
human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or
assurance, and information and suggestions regarding feasible
methods of simple sabotage.

\section{Personal Motives}

\hspace{\parindent}(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate
personal motive for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he
must be made to anticipate indirect personal gain, such as
might come with enemy evacuation or destruction of the ruling
government group. Gains should be stated as specifically as
possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the
day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be
thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and
restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on.
Abstract verbalizations about personal liberty, freedom of the
press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the
world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.

(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur
may become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of
a large, though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against
the enemy or the government of his own country and
elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly: suggestions which
he reads and hears can include observations that a particular
technique has been successful in this or that district. Even if the
technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another’s
success will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can
be conveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of
simple sabotage can be contrived which will be published by
white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press.
Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in
sabotage can be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage
already are being broadcast by white radio and freedom
stations, and this should be continued and expanded where
compatible with security.

(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a
situation in which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of
responsibility and begins to educate others in simple sabotage.

\section{Encouraging Destructiveness}

It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the
circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense
against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other
acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the
presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax
tensions of fear.

(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he
should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly
thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them
grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should
be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and
careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards
about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur
will see many opportunities in his immediate environment
which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind
should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.

(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage
in physical destruction, two extreme types may be
distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not
technically trained and employed. This man needs specific
suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as
details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is
accomplished.

(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such
as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably
this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage
which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this
man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the
direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be
from his own field, should accomplish this.

(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions
and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media
which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are:
freedom stations or radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or
leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or
occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally,
agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in
anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate
this information directly.

\section{Safety Measures}

\hspace{\parindent}(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be
governed not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but
also by the amount of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast,
and simple sabotage will be discouraged if too many simple
saboteurs are arrested.

(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other
media for the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and
targets which will insure the saboteur against detection and
retaliation. Among such suggestions might be the following:

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

\hspace{\parindent}(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a
nail file can be carried normally on your person; either is a
multi-purpose instrument for creating damage. Matches,
pebbles, hair, salt, nails, and dozens of other destructive agents
can be carried or kept in your living quarters without exciting
any suspicion whatever. If you are a worker in a particular
trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such things as
wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.

(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people
could be responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in
a factory at a central fire box, almost anyone could have done
it. On-the-street sabotage after dark, such as you might be able
to carry out against a military car or truck, is another example
of an act for which it would be impossible to blame you.

(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be
blamed directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you
have a plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an
electric circuit because an air raid had kept you up the night
before and you were half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in
your apologies. Frequently you can “get away” with such acts
under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-
caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, or weakness and
dullness due to undernourishment.

(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist
any temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers
arouse suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it
would be suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on
your job, you should naturally stay at your work.

\end{adjustwidth}

\chapter{Tools, Targets, and Timing}

\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=0pt]{T}{he} citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it
reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely
concentrated on specific types of target according to the
requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to
control simple sabotage according to developing military
factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of
more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably
intensified or notably slackened military activity.

Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the
area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for
general types of situations likewise can be specified, for
emphasis at the proper time by the underground press,
freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.

\section{Under General Conditions}

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

\hspace{\parindent}(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it
should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental
to the materials and manpower of the enemy.

(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day
equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he
looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example,
emery dust—a at first may seen unobtainable but if the
saboteur were to pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery
wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful
supply.

(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his
capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced
person should not, for example, attempt to use explosives, but
should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar
weapons.

(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and
materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for
early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that
almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy
use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are
destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it
would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food
crops or food products.

(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to
military objects, he should give these preference above all
others.

\end{adjustwidth}

\section{Prior to a Military Offensive}

During periods which are quiescent in a military sense, such
emphasis as can be given to simple sabotage might well center
on industrial production, to lessen the flow of materials and
equipment to the enemy. Slashing a rubber tire on an Army
truck may be an act of value; spoiling a batch of rubber in the
production plant is an act of still more value.

\section{During a Military Offensive}

\hspace{\parindent}(a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon
destined to be, a theater of combat operations is that whose
effects will be direct and immediate. Even if the effects are
relatively minor and localized, this type of sabotage is to be
preferred to activities whose effects, while widespread, are
indirect and delayed.

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

\hspace{\parindent}(1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack
transportation facilities of all kinds.
Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto mobiles,
trucks, motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams.

(2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the
authorities to transmit instructions or morale material should
be the objects of simple sabotage. These include telephone,
telegraph and power systems, radio, newspapers, placards, and
public notices.

(3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to
the efficient functioning of transportation and communication,
also should become targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may
include oil, gasoline, tires, food, and water.

\end{adjustwidth}

\chapter{Specific Suggestions for Simple Sabotage}

\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=1pt]{I}{t} will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple
sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically
what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition
of simple sabotage.

A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types
of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a
complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new
techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be
elaborated and expanded.

\section{Buildings}

Warehouses, barracks, offices, hotels, and factory buildings
are outstanding targets for simple sabotage. They are extremely
susceptible to damage, especially by fire; they offer
opportunities to such untrained people as janitors, charwomen,
and casual visitors; and, when damaged, they present a
relatively large handicap to the enemy.

(a) Fires can be started wherever there is an accumulation of
inflammable material. Warehouses are obviously the most
promising targets but incendiary sabotage need not be confined
to them alone.

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

(1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you
have gone away. Use a candle and paper, combination, setting
it as close as possible to the inflammable material you want to
burn: From a sheet of paper, tear a strip three or four
centimeters wide and wrap it around the base of the candle two
or three times. Twist more sheets of paper into loose ropes and
place them around the base of the candle. When the candle
flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and in turn
will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration
of the resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use
and how much of it you can cramp in a small space.

(2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but
rather inflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light
more resistant materials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or
twisted paper which has been soaked in gasoline. To create a
briefer but even hotter flame, put celluloid such as you might
find in an old comb, into a nest of plain or saturated paper
which is to be fired by a candle.

(3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a
piece of string in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder
over the inch of string where greasy string meets clean string.
Then ignite the clean end of the string. It will burn slowly
without a flame (in much the same way that a cigarette burns)
until it reaches the grease and gunpowder; it will then flare up
suddenly. The grease-treated string will then burn with a flame.
The same effect may be achieved by using matches instead of
the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the match
heads, taking care that the string is not pressed or knotted.
They too will produce a sudden flame. The advantage of this
type of fuse is that string burns at a set speed. You can time
your fire by the length and thickness of the string you chose.

(4) Use a fuse such as; the ones suggested above to start a
fire in an office after hours. The destruction of records and
other types of documents would be a serious handicap to the
enemy.

(5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should
accumulate oily and greasy waste. Such waste sometimes
ignites spontaneously, but it can easily be lit with a cigarette or
match. If you are a janitor on night duty, you can be the first to
report the fire, but don’t report it too soon.

(6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty one is.
Workers should be careless with refuse and janitors should be
inefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be
accumulated an otherwise fireproof building will become
inflammable.

(7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant
at night, shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a
candle burning in the room, closing the door tightly behind
you. After a time, the gas will explode, and a fire may or may
not follow.

\end{adjustwidth}

(b)Water and Miscellaneous

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

\hspace{\parindent}(1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler
system to work. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads
sharply with a hammer or by holding a match under them.

(2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper,
hair, and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with
a thick starch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball,
wrap it with string, and dry. Remove the string when fully
dried. The sponge will be in the form of a tight hard ball. Flush
down a W. C. or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge
will gradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage
system.

(3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the
daytime, so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on
at night. The fuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by
putting a coin behind them or loading them with heavy wire.
Then a short-circuit may either start a fire, damage
transformers, or blow out a central fuse which will interrupt
distribution of electricity to a large area.

(4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that
will fit, into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public
buildings.

\end{adjustwidth}

\section{Industrial Production: Manufacturing}

\hspace{\parindent}Tools

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

(1) Let cutting tools grow dull. They will be inefficient, will
slow down production, and may damage the materials and
parts you use them on.

(2) Leave saws slightly twisted when you are not using them.
After a while, they will break when used.

(3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its
time. So will dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy
pressure. Exert pressure on the backward stroke as well as the
forward stroke.

(4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the
workpiece; they are easily broken this way.

(5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure.

(6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it
more material than it is adjusted for — two blanks instead of
one, for example.
(7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so
on, are never efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and
electric contacts can easily be fouled by normal accumulations
of dirt or the insertion of foreign matter.

\end{adjustwidth}

\hspace{\parindent}(b) Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to
easy sabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving
parts. Sabotage of oil and lubrication will slow production or
stop work entirely at strategic points in industrial processes.

\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{0em}

\hspace{\parindent}(1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery
dust (get it by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and
similar hard, gritty substances directly into lubrication
systems. They will scour smooth surfaces, ruining pistons,
cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. They will overheat and
stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts, and
extensive repairs. Such materials, if they are used, should be
introduced into lubrication systems past any filters which
otherwise would strain them out.

(2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter
system, poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the
filter mesh, then covering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of
it quickly, simply remove the filter.

(3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter
directly, you may be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by
diluting it in storage. In this case, almost any liquid will do
which will thin the oil. A small amount of sulphuric acid,
varnish, water-glass, or linseed oil will be especially effective.

(4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break
down a machine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will
“freeze” and stop.

(5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if
it will float, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair,
pieces of string, dead insects, and many other common objects
will be effective in stopping or hindering the flow of oil through
feed lines and filters.

(6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy
oil outright rather than interfere with its effectiveness, by
removing stop-plugs from lubricating systems or by puncturing
the drums and cans in which it is stored.

\end{adjustwidth}

\section{Production: Metals}



\section{Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction}

\section{Production: Agriculture}

\section{Transportation: Railways}

\section{Transportation: Automotive}

\section{Transportation: Water}

\section{Communications}

\section{Electric Power}

\section{General Interference with Organizations and Production}

\section{General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion}

\end{document}