Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/dessalines/essays

crash_course_socialism.md

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
     + [Marxist literature](#marxist-literature)
     + [Marxian economics](#marxian-economics)
     + [History books](#history-books)
+    + [Psychology](#psychology)
   * [Audiobooks](#audiobooks)
   * [Films](#films)
 - [Organizations](#organizations)

glossary_of_socialist_terms.md

@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 | [Private Property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property) | Means of production, when owned by private individuals, whose ownership is claimed through title, and **not use**, with the aim of extracting rent from the actual users or workers. Synonymous with absentee property. |
 | [Personal Property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property) | Property for personal use and consumption. Put simply, your house, and everything in it. Neither socialism nor communism intends to do away with personal property. |
 | [Socialized Property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ownership) | Means of production, when democratically and socially owned and controlled, put to use to benefit people. Surplus value may still exist, but democratic decision-making decides how to use it. |
-| [Proletariet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat) | The wage-earning class which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for their labor power(Their ability to work). |
+| [Proletariet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat) | The wage-earning class which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for their labor power(their ability to work). |
 | [Bourgeoisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie) | The social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society. |
-| [Class Struggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict) | A tension that exists between competing classes, caused by contradictory interests, that can only be resolved through violent confrontation. The competing classes are determined by the economic mode of society: In Slavery, the slave and the master. In Feudalism, the lord and the serf. In Capitalism, the capitalist and the wage worker. |
+| [Class Struggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict) | A tension that exists between competing classes, caused by contradictory interests, that can only be resolved through violent confrontation. The competing classes are determined by the economic mode of society: In Slavery, the master and slave. In Feudalism, the lord and serf. In Capitalism, the capitalist and wage worker. |
 | [Petit Bourgeoisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie) | The lower subset of the bourgeoisie made up of small-scale capitalists such as shop-keepers and workers who manage the production, distribution, and/or exchange of commodities and/or services owned by their bourgeois employers. It often refers to "small business owners", and is contrasted with the haute bourgeoisie, or the big capitalists. |
 | [Bourgeois Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism) | The name that socialists use to refer to modern representative liberal democracies, criticized as being democracies for the rich only, since representatives and the media in capitalist countries are often the puppets of the capitalists themselves. |
 | [Reformism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism) | A position that advocates gradually transforming a capitalist economy into a qualitatively different socialist system through political and economic reform, in contrast to revolutionary socialism. Synonymous with evolutionary socialism. |
@@ -45,24 +45,24 @@
 | [Democratic Centralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) | A tenet of Leninism, described by him as, *diversity in discussion, unity in action.* After decisions are reached, they are followed the group. |
 | [Vanguardism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism) | A strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically advanced sections of the working class form organizations in order to draw larger sections of the workers towards revolutionary politics and serve as manifestations of proletarian political power against its class enemies. |
 | [Two Stage Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stage_theory) | Argues that underdeveloped countries, such as Tsarist Russia, must first pass through a stage of capitalism before moving to a socialist stage. |
-| [Mass Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_line) | In Maoism, a method of growing class consciousness and communism, where communists consult the masses, interpret their ideas and suggestions within the framework of Marxist-Leninism, decide how to best solve those problems through collective action, and then enforce those resulting policies. |
-| [Mass Strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike) | A strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates, spreading class consciousness, and forcing capitalist concessions. Luxemburg identified it as one of the most powerful tactics available. |
+| [Mass Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_line) | In Maoism, a method of growing class consciousness and communism, where communists consult the masses, interpret their ideas and suggestions within the framework of Marxism-Leninism, decide how to best solve those problems through collective action, and then enforce those resulting policies. |
+| [Mass Strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike) | laborA strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labor force in a city, region, or country participates, spreading class consciousness, and forcing capitalist concessions. Luxemburg identified it as one of the most powerful tactics available to workers. |
 | [Alienation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation) | A term used by Marx to denote the estrangement of workers under capitalism from the products of their labor, and themselves; the worker loses the ability to determine life and destiny, when deprived of the right to think of themselves as the director of their own actions; to determine the character of said actions; to define their relationships with other people; and to own the things produced by their own labor. Although the worker is an autonomous, self-realized human being, as an economic entity, this worker is directed by the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production with which they must work to survive. |
 | [Cultural Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) | In Maoism, the idea that capitalist values do constantly re-appear within the communist party, although not uniformly. It is up to the people, who are the real motive force in world history, to call out and denounce capitalist values and corrupt people in positions of authority, and "bombard the headquarters", to ensure the elimination of bourgeois values and cement proletarian power. |
-| [United Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front) | From Trotskyism, An initiative whereby the Communists propose to join with all workers belonging to other parties and groups and all unaligned workers in a common struggle to defend the immediate, basic interests of the working class against the bourgeoisie. Through united struggle, many workers can be won over to revolutionary socialism. |
+| [United Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front) | From Trotskyism, An initiative whereby communists propose to join with all workers belonging to other parties and groups and all unaligned workers in a common struggle to defend the immediate, basic interests of the working class against the bourgeoisie. Through united struggle, many workers can be won over to revolutionary socialism. |
 | [Transitional Demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_demand) | In Trotskyism, an agitational demand made by a socialist organization with the aim of linking the current situation to progress towards their goal of a socialist society. Transitional demands differ from calls for reform in that they call for things that governments and corporations are unwilling or unable to offer, and therefore, any progress towards obtaining a transitional demand is likely to weaken capitalism and strengthen the hand of the working class. Examples of transitional demands would be "Employment for all" or "Housing for all,"; demands that sound reasonable to the average citizen, but are practically impossible for capitalism to deliver on. |
-| [Dual Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_power_(Russian_Revolution)) | A tenet of Leninism, in which two powers, one proletarian(workers councils) and one capitalist(the official state apparatus) coexist and compete for legitimacy, during the transition away from capitalism. |
+| [Dual Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_power_(Russian_Revolution)) | A tenet of Leninism, in which two powers, one proletarian(workers councils / direct democratic organizations) and one capitalist(the official state apparatus) coexist and compete for legitimacy, during the transition away from capitalism. |
 | [New Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism#New_Democracy) | A tenet of Maoism that holds that the national-bourgeois in semi-feudal and semi-colonial countries has a dual character in that although it is an exploitative capitalist force, it can also (though not always) side with the proletariat against colonialism and imperialism. |
-| [Protracted Peoples War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism#People.27s_War) | In Maoism, a strategy for achieving communism that includes winning the support of the locals(usually the peasantry) in areas away from capitalist strongholds, and waging unconventional guerilla warfare, while building institutions of dual power to replace capitalist ones. |
+| [Protracted Peoples War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism#People.27s_War) | In Maoism, a strategy for achieving communism that includes winning the support of the locals(usually the peasantry) in areas away from capitalist strongholds, and waging unconventional guerrilla warfare, while building institutions of dual power to replace capitalist ones. |
 | Workers Militia                          | An important focus of Trotskyism, where local, self-organized working-class militias, fighting for their class interests, are the primary vehicle to achieve socialism. |
 | **Branches**                             |                                          |
 | [Marxism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism) | A socialist tradition created by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, that places emphasis on the means of production, your relation to them, and the inherent class struggle involved between those who control production, and those who don't. |
 | [Leninism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism) | A branch of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks drawn from their experiences in early 20th century Russia. Important concepts include vanguardism, dictatorship of the proletariet(and how to transition to communism), dual power, the right of nations to self-determination, imperialism, and democratic centralism. The goal of Leninism is the development of a worker state capable of withstanding capitalist encirclement(often called siege socialism), in order to protect and continue the transition to communism, as well as aid other anti-imperialist nations. |
 | [Marxism-Leninism(ML)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) | A term created by Joseph Stalin to refer to the ideology of the USSR, generally synonymous with Leninism. |
-| [Maoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism) | A marxist tendency developed by Mao Zedong. Important concepts include protracted people's war, new democracy, the mass line, cultural revolution, contradiction, and agrarian socialism. |
+| [Maoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism) | A Marxist tendency developed by Mao Zedong. Important concepts include protracted people's war, new democracy, the mass line, cultural revolution, contradiction, and agrarian socialism. |
 | [Marxism-Leninism-Maoism(MLM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism) | A resurgent tendency of Maoism formalized by the revolutionary internationalist movement in 1993, generally synonymous with Maoism. |
 | [Anarcho-communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-communism) | A theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wage labour, and private property (while retaining respect for personal property), and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need". Primarily based on the ideas of Kropotkin. |
-| [Egoist Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoist_anarchism) | An individualist school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, defining an egoist as one who has no political calling but rather "lives themselves out" without regard to "how well or ill humanity may fare thereby". Stirner held that the only limitation on the rights of the individual is his power to obtain what he desires. |
+| [Egoist Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoist_anarchism) | An individualist school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, defining an egoist as one who has no political calling, but rather "lives themselves out" without regard to "how well or ill humanity may fare thereby". Stirner held that the only limitation on the rights of the individual is his power to obtain what he desires. |
 | [Trotskyism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism) | A branch of Leninism created by Leon Trotsky, a leading bolshevik. Important concepts include permanent revolution, world revolution, the transitional programme, transitional demands, the united front, workers militias, and criticism of the soviet union under Stalin as a deformed workers state. |
 | [Luxemburgism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgism) | A branch of Marxism created by Rosa Luxemburg, a leading figure in the German revolution of 1919. Important concepts include Revolutionary Spontanaeity, emphasis on low-level democracy, the mass-strike, opposition to reformism, and criticism of bolshevism. |
 | [Left-Communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism) | A range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas and practices espoused by Bolsheviks, Marxist-Leninists, Anarchists, and social democrats. Proponents of left communism include Amadeo Bordiga(Italian tradition), Herman Gorter, Anton Pannekoek(Dutch tradition). Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically Marxist and proletarian than other traditions. |
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 | [Bordigism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordigism) | A variant of Left communism espoused by Amadeo Bordiga. Bordigists refuse on principle any participation in parliamentary elections. |
 | [Titoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism) | A branch of socialism by Josip Broz Tito, leader of Yugoslavia, a once socialist state independent of the soviet union. Characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country, the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. During Tito’s era, his ideas specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of (and often in opposition to) what he referred to as the Stalinist and Imperialist policies of the Soviet Union. |
 | [Communalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communalism) | A system that integrates communal ownership and federations of highly localised independent communities, developed by libertarian socialist Murray Bookchin. |
-| [Utopian Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism) | A collection of socialist ideas that predated Marx, namely those of Owen, Fourier, and Saint-Simon. They focus on the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies(such as cooperatives), with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists such as Marx and Engels criticized utopian socialism as not being grounded in the material conditions of existing society, and for not identifying the social class capable of making the transition, the proletariat. |
+| [Utopian Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism) | A collection of socialist ideas that predated Marx, namely those of Owen, Fourier, and Saint-Simon. They focus on the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists such as Marx and Engels criticized utopian socialism as not being grounded in the material conditions of existing society, and for not identifying the wage-earning class capable of making the transition, and relying on wealthy utopian reformers acting within a capitalist framework. |