Switching to h3s.

crash_course_socialism.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #Crash Course Socialism
 
-#### Table of Contents
+### Table of Contents
 - [Crash Course](#crash-course-socialism)
   - [History, and Human Nature](#history-and-human-nature)
   - [Value and Conformity](#value-and-conformity)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 [Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism) is an economic and social system defined by **social ownership of the means of production**. (Workers democratically own and operate the places in which they work, as opposed to private control of production aka [capitalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism)).
 
-The [means of production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production) are non-human inputs that help create economic value, such as **factories, industrial machinery, workplaces, large tracts of land**, etc. The means of production are the means of life. Socialists refer to the means of production as *capital*, or private property. Private property in the socialist context shouldn't be confused with [personal property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property#Personal_versus_private_property), such as your home, car, computer, and other possessions, which would be protected. Private property is in actuality a weasel-word for *absentee property*, whose ownership is claimed through title only, for the purpose of extracting rent from the *actual* users, occupants, or workers.
+The [means of production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production) are non-human inputs that help create economic value, such as **factories, industrial machinery, workplaces, large tracts of land**, etc. The means of production are the means of life. Socialists refer to the means of production as *capital*, or private property. Private property in the socialist context shouldn't be confused with [personal property](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property#Personal_versus_private_property), such as your home, car, computer, and other possessions, which would be protected. Private property is in actuality a weasel-word for *absentee property*, whose ownership is claimed through title only (and not use), for the purpose of extracting rent from the *actual* users, occupants, or workers.
 
 In a capitalist society the means of production are owned and controlled privately, by those that can afford them (the capitalist, aka those with capital). Production is carried out to **benefit the capitalist** (production for profit). Workers are paid a wage, and **receive that amount regardless of how much value they produce**. Socialists call this difference the [surplus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_value), IE (worker value added - wage paid), or profit. A 1983 report by England national income and expenditures found that on average, 26 minutes of every hour worked(or 43% of labor value added) by English workers across a wide range of industries went to various exploiting or unproductive groups, with workers receiving only 57% of their pre-tax productive output as wages<sup>[1](http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf)</sup>. In other words, at least **40%** of the work you do every day is stolen. 
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Capitalists use the surplus to [push out competitors](https://en.wikipedia.org/w
 
 [Wage workers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oztdRo9GLLk) are **completely dependent** on selling their labor power to those in control of production in order to gain access to the necessities of life (money for food, shelter, clothing, etc). Its similarities to chattel slavery has lead many to term wage work as [wage slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_slavery), with voluntary employment being simply a false choice between **one exploiter or another**.
 
-####History, and Human Nature
+###History, and Human Nature
 
 Capitalism has nothing to do with human nature. People can be greedy, or cooperative, depending on the incentive structure and ideology of the socioeconomic system they live in, which is usually out of their control. For the vast majority of human history, small groups of people survived by foraging, growing, or hunting for food **as a community**, in a mode of life termed [primitive communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_communism). Communal sharing was essential to the survival of the group. Markets likewise were rare, since communities tended to be self-sufficient. Rituals, harvest festivals, a group of elders deciding fair distribution, or communal decision-making accomplished what markets do today. Private property(and male-dominated societies) came into existence with the growth of large-scale agriculture and animal domestication(A historically male-dominated activity). These tended to be passed on to male descendents(which in turn required strict female sexual control, isolation, and increasing objectification), aggregating into fewer and fewer land-owners, and creating class antagonisms between an owning, and a working class.
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Capitalism evolved historically out of [feudalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 
 Socialism as a diverse philosophy arose out of a criticism after the french revolution, in which a capitalist class(the [bourgeoisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie)) seemed to merely replace [feudal lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism) to become the new ruling class. Marxism is a socialist tradition, which places emphasis on the means of production, your relation to them, and the inherent class struggles involved between those who control the productive forces and those who don't, as the primary force driving economic and social relations.
 
-####Value and Conformity
+###Value and Conformity
 
 Economic systems, such as Capitalism, don't invent, *create* or *build* anything. Workers do. (See [Soviet Space Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program)). 
 
@@ -49,18 +49,18 @@ Economic systems, such as Capitalism, don't invent, *create* or *build* anything
 
 [Socialism has nothing to do with conformity](https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/mar/11.htm), restriction of artistic expression, or equality in abilities. It instead proposes *economic and political equality* through the abolition of classes, placing all citizens on an equal footing *with regard to the means of production*. It is Capitalism, with its inherent authoritarian hierarchies, that imposes conformity on society through [vapid consumerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_fetishism), and through the authoritarian nature of capitalist firms themselves. A [chain of command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy) ensures that orders from capitalists drop like a rock, to dominate the actions of every worker.
 
-####Democracy
+###Democracy
 
 Socialists view democracy under capitalism to be an unrealistic utopia, better labeled as [Bourgeois Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism), or democracy for the rich. Under capitalism, political parties, representatives, infrastructure, and the media **are controlled by capitalists**, who place restrictions and limitations on the ability and choices of the working class. [Bourgeois democracies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy#Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie) tend to be highly plutocratic, resulting in legislation [favorable to the wealthy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tu32CCA_Ig), regardless of the population's actual preferences. Examples of restrictions include the [First Past the Post](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7tWHJfhiyo) voting system(which enforces capitalist two party domination), [gerrymandering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering), long term limits with no way to recall unpopular representatives, restrictions crafted to disenfranchise poor and minority voters, voter suppression, electoral fraud, unverifiable closed source electronic voting systems, capitalist campaign financing, low voter to representative ratios, and inconvienient voting locations and times. In short, political democracy can't exist without economic democracy.
 
 
-####Unsustainable Growth
+###Unsustainable Growth
 
 During Capitalisms' growth period, when there are new markets and labor forces to expand to, capitalism can appear stable for the richer consumers whose products are actually being produced by exploited, poorer workforces. Likewise, in a labor shortage, as existed in the newly industrializing US, capitalists have no choice but to keep wages high(and the rate of exploitation low) in order to bring in workers from other countries, and keep them from running off into the interior. In the southern US, African slavery was used to solve the labor shortage, and keep exploitation high(since no wages were paid), and consumer products such as tobacco and cotton cheap. In order to take advantage of cheap labor, capitalists usually build production far away from where those products are actually bought and consumed, meaning that most consumer goods are shipped by ocean-freight, wasting energy and **polluting the environment**.
 
 In actuality, Capitalism is highly unstable, made up of a series of crises, economic bubbles, booms, and eventual busts, termed [business cycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle), that occur every few years, with varying intensity, but with most of the resulting burden shifted to the working class. The capitalist state often intervenes to prop up failing businesses, and bail out members of its own class.
 
-####Defending the Status Quo
+###Defending the Status Quo
 
 The reason why most people are reticent to read anti-capitalist literature, and discouraged from participating in the class struggle through unionism and political movements, is due to **capitalist indoctrination** and ideology. In Marxist philosophy, [cultural hegemony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony) is the domination of a culturally diverse society, by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society... the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and mores, so that their imposed, ruling-class worldview becomes the accepted cultural norm; the universally valid dominant ideology, which justifies the social, political, and economic status quo as natural and inevitable, perpetual and beneficial for everyone, rather than as artificial social constructs that benefit only the ruling class.
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Since the 1960s, there has been a [labor surplus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 
 Both feudalism and slavery were thought to be highly stable systems, and even they lasted hundreds of years until their eventual overthrow.
 
-####The State, and Revolution
+###The State, and Revolution
 
 Private ownership of the means of production was established through force and [private tyranny](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVt7U2YIgZs), and is only upheld through force. The state is a **special organization of force used for the suppression of one class by another** which (in capitalist society) exercises a monopoly on violence to forcibly maintain the right to private property. The modern state developed alongside the emergent capitalist system as the bourgeoisie seized political and economic control. It arises from the irreconcilable class antagonisms that exist in society.
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Many Marxists call the totalitarian regimes typically called socialist, as more
 
 The famines and economic hardship typically associated with communism in Russia and China, were a result of the painful process of [industrialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation), and the transition from agriculture to industry. It would be the case whether capitalists, communists, or enlightened rulers were in power. During England's rapid industrialization, life expectancy in some cities was less than 30 years. This is the case with every country in the process of industrialization. [Lysenkoism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysenkoism), and [a period of droughts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine) made the problem worse.
 
-####The Socialist Future
+###The Socialist Future
 
 Communism is the highest developed stage of socialism wherein there is no state, no money, no class system. The means of production are owned by all and provide for everyone's needs. There are also presumably high levels of automation so [most do not have to work](http://imgur.com/yQpzb).
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Branches of socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_socialism)
 
-####FAQ 
+###FAQ 
 
 [Why are communists against markets?](https://gist.github.com/tchoulihan/a0104a9bd921df21bb71)
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 ******
 
-####Introductory videos
+###Introductory videos
 
 [3 minute intro to Marxism](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz3eOb6Yl1s)
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Capitalist exploitation explained](https://youtu.be/-w12bkm9g8o?t=3m18s)
 
-####Modern introductory books
+###Modern introductory books
 
 [Socialist books starter pack (torrent)](magnet:?xt=urn:btih:6980fde654f217ec9c81b30eab1ca3a13bbbca1e&dn=Socialist+books+starter+pack&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fzer0day.ch%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969)
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Jacobin - The ABCs of Socialism](https://s3.jacobinmag.com/issues/jacobin-abcs.pdf)
 
-####Essays/Introductions
+###Essays/Introductions
 
 [Albert Einstein - Why Socialism?](http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/)
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Eugene Debs - Capitalism and Socialism](https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1912/1912-capsoc.htm)
 
-####Marxist literature
+###Marxist literature
 
 [Engels - Socialism: Utopian and Scientific](http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm)
 
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Lenin - Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism](https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/)
 
-####Marxian economics
+###Marxian economics
 
 [Cockshott and Cottrell - Towards a New Socialism](http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/%7Ecottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf) [epub](http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/TNS.epub)
 
-####History books
+###History books
 
 [Howard Zinn - A Peoples History of the United States](http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html)
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 [Huey P. Newton - Revolutionary Suicide](https://www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Suicide-Penguin-Classics-Deluxe/dp/0143105329)
 
-####Audiobooks
+###Audiobooks
 
 [Lenin - The State and Revolution](magnet:?xt=urn:btih:bf60338d499a40e4e99ca8edffda9447402a29de&dn=Lenin+-+The+State+and+Revolution+%5Baudiobook%5D+by+dessalines&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fzer0day.ch%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969)
 
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 <pre>magnet:?xt=urn:btih:7428b83a5f9a51885e12166c0895a41f7f05396a&dn=Audiobook+The+Communist+Manifesto+by+Karl+Marx+and+Friedrich+Eng&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fzer0day.ch%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969</pre>
 
 
-####Films
+###Films
 
 [Pride(2014)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3169706/?ref_=nv_sr_4), [Reds(1981)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082979/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1), [Salt of the Earth(1954)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047443/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1), [Snowpiercer(2013)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1706620/?ref_=nv_sr_1), [Libertarias(1996)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113649/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1), [The Trotsky(2009)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1295072/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1), [Battleship Potemkin(1925)](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battleship_Potemkin)
 
 
-####Online Communities
+###Online Communities
 
 [/r/LateStageCapitalism](https://www.reddit.com/r/LateStageCapitalism/), [/r/socialism](https://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/), [/r/anarchism](https://www.reddit.com/r/Anarchism/), [/r/communism](https://www.reddit.com/r/communism/), [/r/socialistprogrammers](https://www.reddit.com/r/socialistprogrammers/), [/r/TheTrotskyists](https://www.reddit.com/r/TheTrotskyists/), [/r/antifa](https://www.reddit.com/r/antifa/)
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Past and present socialist/anarchist societies include - [Revolutionary Cataloni
 
 Memes: [/r/FULLCOMMUNISM](https://www.reddit.com/r/FULLCOMMUNISM/), [/r/COMPLETEANARCHY](https://www.reddit.com/r/COMPLETEANARCHY/)
 
-####Organizations
+###Organizations
 
 [Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)](https://iww.org/), [Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL)](http://www.pslweb.org/), [Socialist Alternative (SA)](http://www.socialistalternative.org/), [Committee for a Workers' International (CWI)](http://www.socialistworld.net/)