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As always, check the \texttt{man} files for additional options and parameters.
\section*{Disk Usage}
\begin{description} \item[df] Get a report on the system's disk space usage \item[du] Check the disk space usage of a file or directory \item[du -ah] Show disk usage for all files and directories in human readable sizes \item[du -sh] Show disk usage of the current directory \item[fdisk -l] Show disk partitions, sizes, and types \item[findmnt] Show target mount point for all filesystems \end{description}
\section*{Files}
\begin{description} \item[ls] List files in a directory \item[ls -R] List all files in all subdirectories \item[ls -a] List hidden files \item[ls -l] List detailed information in a tabular format \item[ls -h] List sizes in human-readable format \item[cat] List the contents of a file on \texttt{stdout} \item[cat <file>] Create a new file \item[cat file1 file2 > file3] Joins two files and stores the output as a new file \item[cat <file.txt> | tr a-z A-Z output.txt] Convert a file to upper or lower case \item[diff] Compare the contents of two files line by line \item[rm] Delete (permanently) a file \item[cp] Copy files \item[cp file1 file2] Copy the contents of the first file to the second one \item[cp -r <directorya> <directory2>] Copy recursively the contents of the first directory into the second directory. \item[mv] Move or rename files \item[mv file1 file2] Rename a file \item[ln -s <path/to/file> <link name>] Create a symbolic link to a file \item[touch <newfile>] Create a new file \item[touch <oldfile>] Update the modification time of an existing file \item[more <file>] Show the contents of a file \item[head <file>] Show the first 10 lines of a file \item[head -<n> <file>] Show the first \texttt{n} lines of a file \item[tail <file>] Show the last 10 lines of a file \item[tail -<n> <file>] Show the last \texttt{n} lines of a file \item[locate] Search for a file or directory \item[find] Locate files within a directory \end{description}
\section*{Directories}
\begin{description} \item[cd] Change the current directory \item[cd..] Move one directory up \item[cd-] Move to your previous directory \item[pwd] Show the current directory (relative to \texttt{\$HOME}) \item[scp <file> <server/file>] Securely copy a specific file to a server directory \item[mkdir] Create a new directory \item[rmdir] Delete an empty directory \item[rsync -a </path/to/file> </file>] Synchronize the contents of a specific direcotry with a backup directory \item[rm -r <directory>] Remove a non-empty directory \item[rm -ri <directory>] Remove a non-empty directory recursively, and require confirmation of each item \end{description}
\section*{Archives}
\begin{description} \item[tar]Archive multiple files into a common Linux file format (\textbf{Note:} \texttt{tar} files are \textit{not} compressed.) \item[tar -xf file.tar] Extract an archived file \item[tar -cf file.tar file1.txt file2.txt] Create an archive from one or more files \item[tar -czf file.txt file.tar.gz] Create a gzip-compressed file (\textbf{Note:} the file extensions \texttt{.tar.gz} and \texttt{.tgz} are equivalent.) \item[gzip file] Compress a file with the \texttt{.gz} extension \item[gpg -c <file>] Encrypt a file \item[gpg <file>] Decrypt a file \item[zip <archive.zip> <file1> <file2>] Compress files into a zip archive \item[unzip <archive.zip>] Extract zipped files from a zip archive \end{description}
\section*{System}
\begin{description} \item[history] Review previously entered commands \item[uname] Print information about your Linux system \item[uname -a] Show system and kernel \item[head -n1 /etc/issue] Show the current system software \item[jobs] Display currently running jobs \item[top] Monitor system resource usage \item[ps] Show a snapshot of active processes \item[kill <pid>] Terminate a process with process id <pid> \item[man <command>] Display the manual pages for a given command \item[uname -r] Show system information \item[timedatectl] Query and change the system clock \item[last reboot] Show the system reboot history \item[uptime] Show how long the system has been running, including load average \item[echo \$<variable>] Show the value of a variable \item[echo \$PATH] Show the current value of the \texttt{\$PATH} variable \end{description}
\section*{Network}
\textbf{Note:} Many of these are not installed by default on most systems.
\begin{description} \item[hostname] Display the name of your host or network \item[ip addr show] Show IP addresses and network interfaces \item[ping] Check connectivity to a server \item[ifconfig] Show IP addresses of all network interfaces \item[netstat -pnltu] Show active ports \item[netstat -nutlp] Show more information about a domain \item[whois <domain>] Show more information about a domain \item[dig <domain>] Show DNS information about a domain \item[host <domain>] Do an IP lookup for a domain \item[hostname -i] Show the IP address of the system \end{description}
\section*{Users, Groups, and Permissions}
\begin{description} \item[id] Show information about the current user \item[useradd] Create a new user \item[passwrd] Add a password to a user's account \item[last] Show last logins \item[userdel <user>] Delete a user \item[chmod] Change the read, write, and execute permissions of files and directories \item[chmod u + x <file>] Give the user execute permissions on a file \item[chmod u+rw,go+r <file>] Give read and write permissions to the owner, and read-only permissions to the group and others. \item[chmod -R 755 <directory>] Change the permissions of a directory and its files recursively \item[chown] Change or transfer file ownership \item[chown <user> <file>] Change the ownership of a file to a given user \item[chown :<group> <file>] Change the group of a file to a given group (\textbf{Note:} Instead of the group permissions, the user permissions will apply if the owner user is in this group.) \item[sudo] Perform tasks as the root user \end{description}
Permissions are always in the order: owner, group, others.
\hspace{1em} Calculate permission digits by adding these numbers: \begin{itemize}[noitemsep] \item 4 — read (r) \item 2 — write (w) \item 1 — execute (x) \end{itemize}
\section*{Pipes and Redirection}
\begin{description} \item[cmd1 | cmd2] Pipe the \texttt{stdout} of the first command to the second command \item[cmd1 |\& cmd2] Pipe the \texttt{stderr} of the first command to the second command \item[cmd1 > file.txt] Redirect the \texttt{stdout} of a command to a file \item[cmd1 2>error.log] Redirect the \texttt{stderr} of a commmand to a log file \end{description}
\section*{Command Lists}
\begin{description} \item[cmd1 ; cmd2] Run \textit{cmd1} and then run \textit{cmd2} \item[cmd1 \&\& cmd2] Run \textit{cmd2} if \textit{cmd1} is successful \item[cmd1 || cmd2] Run \textit{cmd2} if \textit{cmd1} is not successful \end{description}
\section*{Keyboard Shortcuts}
\begin{description} \item[\keys{ctrl + a}] Move to the beginning of a line \item[\keys{ctrl + e}] Move to the end of the line \item[\keys{ctrl + w}] Cut one word before the cursor and add it to the clipboard \item[\keys{ctrl + u}] Cut part of the line before the cursor and add it to the clipboard \item[\keys{ctrl + k}] Cut part of the line after the cursor and add it to the clipboard \item[\keys{ctrl + y}] Paste from the clipboard \item \item[\keys{ctrl + z}] Pause the command \item[\keys{ctrl + c}] Stop and terminate the current command \item \item[\keys{ctrl + s}] Freeze the terminal \item[\keys{ctrl + q}] Unfreeze the terminal \item \item[\keys{$uparrow$}] Review the command history \item[\keys{ctrl + o}] Run the previously recalled command \item[\keys{ctrl + g}] Exit the command history without running a command \item[\keys{ctrl + r}] Recall the last command that matches the provided characters \item[\keys{Tab}] Autofill typing \item[\keys{!}\keys{!}] Repeat the last command \item[\keys{alt + /}] Move to the end of the file \item[exit] Log out of the current session \end{description}
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