Adjusted formatting of dialogue attribution in chapters 16 and 17
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@ -2262,54 +2262,54 @@ humiliation that I, a Square, should have been guilty of the impertinence of
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feeling a Circle. It was commenced by the Stranger with some impatience at the
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lengthiness of my introductory process.
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STRANGER. Have you felt me enough by this time? Are you not introduced to me
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\textit{Stranger}. Have you felt me enough by this time? Are you not introduced to me
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yet?
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I. Most illustrious Sir, excuse my awkwardness, which arises not from
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\textit{I}. Most illustrious Sir, excuse my awkwardness, which arises not from
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ignorance of the usages of polite society, but from a little surprise and
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nervousness, consequent on this somewhat unexpected visit. And I beseech you
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to reveal my indiscretion to no one, and especially not to my Wife. But before
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your Lordship enters into further communications, would he deign to satisfy
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the curiosity of one who would gladly know whence his visitor came?
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STRANGER. From Space, from Space, Sir: whence else?
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\textit{Stranger}. From Space, from Space, Sir: whence else?
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I. Pardon me, my Lord, but is not your Lordship already in Space, your
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\textit{I}. Pardon me, my Lord, but is not your Lordship already in Space, your
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Lordship and his humble servant, even at this moment?
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STRANGER. Pooh! what do you know of Space? Define Space.
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\textit{Stranger}. Pooh! what do you know of Space? Define Space.
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I. Space, my Lord, is height and breadth indefinitely prolonged.
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\textit{I}. Space, my Lord, is height and breadth indefinitely prolonged.
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STRANGER. Exactly: you see you do not even know what Space is. You think it is
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\textit{Stranger}. Exactly: you see you do not even know what Space is. You think it is
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of Two Dimensions only; but I have come to announce to you a Third --- height,
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breadth, and length.
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I. Your Lordship is pleased to be merry. We also speak of length and height,
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\textit{I}. Your Lordship is pleased to be merry. We also speak of length and height,
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or breadth and thickness, thus denoting Two Dimensions by four names.
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STRANGER. But I mean not only three names, but Three Dimensions.
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\textit{Stranger}. But I mean not only three names, but Three Dimensions.
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I. Would your Lordship indicate or explain to me in what direction is the
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\textit{I}. Would your Lordship indicate or explain to me in what direction is the
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Third Dimension, unknown to me?
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STRANGER. I came from it. It is up above and down below.
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\textit{Stranger}. I came from it. It is up above and down below.
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I. My Lord means seemingly that it is Northward and Southward.
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\textit{I}. My Lord means seemingly that it is Northward and Southward.
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STRANGER. I mean nothing of the kind. I mean a direction in which you cannot
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\textit{Stranger}. I mean nothing of the kind. I mean a direction in which you cannot
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look, because you have no eye in your side.
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I. Pardon me, my Lord, a moment's inspection will convince your Lordship that
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\textit{I}. Pardon me, my Lord, a moment's inspection will convince your Lordship that
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I have a perfectly luminary at the juncture of my two sides.
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Stranger: Yes: but in order to see into Space you ought to have an eye, not on
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\textit{Stranger}: Yes: but in order to see into Space you ought to have an eye, not on
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your Perimeter, but on your side, that is, on what you would probably call
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your inside; but we in Spaceland should call it your side.
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I. An eye in my inside! An eye in my stomach! Your Lordship jests.
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\textit{I}. An eye in my inside! An eye in my stomach! Your Lordship jests.
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STRANGER. I am in no jesting humour. I tell you that I come from Space, or,
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\textit{Stranger}. I am in no jesting humour. I tell you that I come from Space, or,
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since you will not understand what Space means, from the Land of Three
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Dimensions whence I but lately looked down upon your Plane which you call
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Space forsooth. From that position of advantage I discerned all that you speak
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@ -2317,9 +2317,9 @@ of as solid (by which you mean ``enclosed on four sides''), your houses, your
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churches, your very chests and safes, yes even your insides and stomachs, all
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lying open and exposed to my view.
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I. Such assertions are easily made, my Lord.
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\textit{I}. Such assertions are easily made, my Lord.
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STRANGER. But not easily proved, you mean. But I mean to prove mine.
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\textit{Stranger}. But not easily proved, you mean. But I mean to prove mine.
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When I descended here, I saw your four Sons, the Pentagons, each in his
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apartment, and your two Grandsons the Hexagons; I saw your youngest Hexagon
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@ -2328,22 +2328,22 @@ alone. I saw your Isosceles servants, three in number, in the kitchen at
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supper, and the little Page in the scullery. Then I came here, and how do you
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think I came?
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I. Through the roof, I suppose.
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\textit{I}. Through the roof, I suppose.
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STRANGER. Not so. Your roof, as you know very well, has been recently
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\textit{Stranger}. Not so. Your roof, as you know very well, has been recently
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repaired, and has no aperture by which even a Woman could penetrate. I tell
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you I come from Space. Are you not convinced by what I have told you of your
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children and household?
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I. Your Lordship must be aware that such facts touching the belongings of his
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\textit{I}. Your Lordship must be aware that such facts touching the belongings of his
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humble servant might be easily ascertained by any one of the neighbourhood
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possessing your Lordship's ample means of information.
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STRANGER. (To himself.) What must I do? Stay; one more argument suggests
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\textit{Stranger}. (To himself.) What must I do? Stay; one more argument suggests
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itself to me. When you see a Straight Line --- your wife, for example --- how many
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Dimensions do you attribute to her?
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I. Your Lordship would treat me as if I were one of the vulgar who, being
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\textit{I}. Your Lordship would treat me as if I were one of the vulgar who, being
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ignorant of Mathematics, suppose that a Woman is really a Straight Line, and
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only of One Dimension. No, no, my Lord; we Squares are better advised, and are
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as well aware of your Lordship that a Woman, though popularly called a
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@ -2351,35 +2351,35 @@ Straight Line, is, really and scientifically, a very thin Parallelogram,
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possessing Two Dimensions, like the rest of us, viz., length and breadth (or
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thickness).
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STRANGER. But the very fact that a Line is visible implies that it possesses
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\textit{Stranger}. But the very fact that a Line is visible implies that it possesses
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yet another Dimension.
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I. My Lord, I have just acknowledge that a Woman is broad as well as long. We
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\textit{I}. My Lord, I have just acknowledge that a Woman is broad as well as long. We
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see her length, we infer her breadth; which, though very slight, is capable of
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measurement.
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STRANGER. You do not understand me. I mean that when you see a Woman, you
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\textit{Stranger}. You do not understand me. I mean that when you see a Woman, you
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ought --- besides inferring her breadth --- to see her length, and to see what we
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call her height; although the last Dimension is infinitesimal in your country.
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If a Line were mere length without ``height,'' it would cease to occupy Space
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and would become invisible. Surely you must recognize this?
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I. I must indeed confess that I do not in the least understand your Lordship.
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\textit{I}. I must indeed confess that I do not in the least understand your Lordship.
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When we in Flatland see a Line, we see length and brightness. If the
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brightness disappears, the Line is extinguished, and, as you say, ceases to
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occupy Space. But am I to suppose that your Lordship gives the brightness the
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title of a Dimension, and that what we call ``bright'' you call ``high''?
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STRANGER. No, indeed. By ``height'' I mean a Dimension like your length: only,
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\textit{Stranger}. No, indeed. By ``height'' I mean a Dimension like your length: only,
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with you, ``height'' is not so easily perceptible, being extremely small.
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I. My Lord, your assertion is easily put to the test. You say I have a Third
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\textit{I}. My Lord, your assertion is easily put to the test. You say I have a Third
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Dimension, which you call ``height.'' Now, Dimension implies direction and
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measurement. Do but measure my ``height,'' or merely indicate to me the
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direction in which my ``height'' extends, and I will become your convert.
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Otherwise, your Lordship's own understanding must hold me excused.
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STRANGER. (To himself.) I can do neither. How shall I convince him? Surely a
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\textit{Stranger}. (To himself.) I can do neither. How shall I convince him? Surely a
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plain statement of facts followed by ocular demonstration ought to suffice. ---
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Now, Sir; listen to me.
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@ -2443,33 +2443,33 @@ After a long pause he muttered to himself, ``One resource alone remains, if I
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am not to resort to action. I must try the method of Analogy.'' Then followed a
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still longer silence, after which he continued our dialogue.
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SPHERE. Tell me, Mr. Mathematician; if a Point moves Northward, and leaves a
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\textit{Sphere}. Tell me, Mr. Mathematician; if a Point moves Northward, and leaves a
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luminous wake, what name would you give to the wake?
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I. A straight Line.
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\textit{I}. A straight Line.
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SPHERE. And a straight Line has how many extremities?
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\textit{Sphere}. And a straight Line has how many extremities?
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I. Two.
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\textit{I}. Two.
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SPHERE. Now conceive the Northward straight Line moving parallel to itself,
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\textit{Sphere}. Now conceive the Northward straight Line moving parallel to itself,
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East and West, so that every point in it leaves behind it the wake of a
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straight Line. What name will you give to the Figure thereby formed? We will
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suppose that it moves through a distance equal to the original straight line.
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--- What name, I say?
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I. A square.
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\textit{I}. A square.
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SPHERE. And how many sides has a Square? How many angles?
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\textit{Sphere}. And how many sides has a Square? How many angles?
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I. Four sides and four angles.
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\textit{I}. Four sides and four angles.
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SPHERE. Now stretch your imagination a little, and conceive a Square in
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\textit{Sphere}. Now stretch your imagination a little, and conceive a Square in
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Flatland, moving parallel to itself upward.
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I. What? Northward?
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\textit{I}. What? Northward?
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SPHERE. No, not Northward; upward; out of Flatland altogether.
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\textit{Sphere}. No, not Northward; upward; out of Flatland altogether.
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If it moved Northward, the Southern points in the Square would have to move
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through the positions previously occupied by the Northern points. But that is
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@ -2490,7 +2490,7 @@ anywhere, so that I could get rid of him --- I replied: ---
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motion which you are pleased to denote by the word `upward'? I presume it is
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describable in the language of Flatland.''
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SPHERE. Oh, certainly. It is all plain and simple, and in strict accordance
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\textit{Sphere}. Oh, certainly. It is all plain and simple, and in strict accordance
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with Analogy --- only, by the way, you must not speak of the result as being a
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Figure, but as a Solid. But I will describe it to you. Or rather not I, but
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Analogy.
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@ -2505,35 +2505,35 @@ One Line produces a Square with four terminal Points.
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Now you can give yourself the answer to your own question: 1, 2, 4, are
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evidently in Geometrical Progression. What is the next number?
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I. Eight.
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\textit{I}. Eight.
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SPHERE. Exactly. The one Square produces a
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\textit{Sphere}. Exactly. The one Square produces a
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Something-which-you-do-not-as-yet-know-a-name-for-but-which-we-call-a-Cube
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with eight terminal Points. Now are you convinced?
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I. And has this Creature sides, as well as Angles or what you call ``terminal
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\textit{I}. And has this Creature sides, as well as Angles or what you call ``terminal
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Points''?
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SPHERE. Of course; and all according to Analogy. But, by the way, not what you
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\textit{Sphere}. Of course; and all according to Analogy. But, by the way, not what you
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call sides, but what we call sides. You would call them solids.
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I. And how many solids or sides will appertain to this Being whom I am to
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\textit{I}. And how many solids or sides will appertain to this Being whom I am to
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generate by the motion of my inside in an ``upward'' direction, and whom you
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call a Cube?
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SPHERE. How can you ask? And you a mathematician! The side of anything is
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\textit{Sphere}. How can you ask? And you a mathematician! The side of anything is
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always, if I may so say, one Dimension behind the thing. Consequently, as
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there is no Dimension behind a Point, a Point has 0 sides; a Line, if I may so
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say, has 2 sides (for the points of a Line may be called by courtesy, its
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sides); a Square has 4 sides; 0, 2, 4; what Progression do you call that?
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I. Arithmetical.
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\textit{I}. Arithmetical.
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SPHERE. And what is the next number?
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\textit{Sphere}. And what is the next number?
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I. Six.
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\textit{I}. Six.
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SPHERE. Exactly. Then you see you have answered your own question. The Cube
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\textit{Sphere}. Exactly. Then you see you have answered your own question. The Cube
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which you will generate will be bounded by six sides, that is to say, six of
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your insides. You see it all now, eh?
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@ -2552,7 +2552,7 @@ contact; not edging to the right nor to the left, but moving somehow out of
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the world, and vanishing into nothing. Soon there was a blank. But still I
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heard the Intruder's voice.
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SPHERE. Why will you refuse to listen to reason? I had hoped to find in you ---
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\textit{Sphere}. Why will you refuse to listen to reason? I had hoped to find in you ---
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as being a man of sense and an accomplished mathematician --- a fit apostle for
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the Gospel of the Three Dimensions, which I am allowed to preach once only in
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a thousand years: but now I know not how to convince you. Stay, I have it.
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