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2023-07-02 22:58:40 +00:00
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2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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\author{United States Office of Strategic Services}
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\title{Simple Sabotage Field Manual}
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\date{17 January 1944}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\tableofcontents
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\chapter{Introduction}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=-1pt]{T}{he} purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage,
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to outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for
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inciting and executing it.
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Sabotage varies from highly technical \textit{coup de main} acts that
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require detailed planning and the use of specially-trained
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operatives, to innumerable simple acts which the ordinary
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individual citizen-saboteur can perform. This paper is
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primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does
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not require specially prepared tools or equipment; it is
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executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act
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individually and without the necessity for active connection
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with an organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as
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to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.
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Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-
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saboteur are salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other
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materials he might normally be expected to possess as a
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householder or as a worker in his particular occupation. His
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arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of
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tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage are usually
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objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access in
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everyday life.
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A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive
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tools whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by
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highly indirect means. It is based on universal opportunities to
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make faulty decisions, to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and
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to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be
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simply a matter of placing tools in one spot instead of another.
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A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothing more than
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creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow workers,
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engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity.
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This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the ``human
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element'' is frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and
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general obstruction even under normal conditions. The
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potential saboteur should discover what types of faulty
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decisions and the operations are \textit{normally} found in this kind of
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work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlarge that``margin for error''
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\chapter{Possible Effects}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=-2pt]{A}{cts} of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An
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effort should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their
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detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple
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sabotage, multiplied by thousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be
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an effective weapon against the enemy. Slashing tires, draining
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fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly,
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short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will
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waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on a wide
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scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on
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the war effort of the enemy.
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Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or
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less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass
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and demoralize enemy administrators and police. Further,
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success may embolden the citizen-saboteur eventually to find
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colleagues who can assist him in sabotage of greater
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dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple sabotage by
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natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these
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individuals identify themselves actively with the United
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Nations war effort, and encourage them to assist openly in
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periods of Allied invasion and occupation.
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\chapter{Motivating the Saboteur}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=2pt, nindent=-0pt]{T}{o} incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage
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and to keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained
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periods is a special problem.
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Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs
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according to his own initiative and inclination. Acts of
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destruction do not bring him any personal gain and may be
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completely foreign to his habitually conservationist attitude
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toward materials and tools. Purposeful stupidity is contrary to
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human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or
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assurance, and information and suggestions regarding feasible
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methods of simple sabotage.
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\section{Personal Motives}
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(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate
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personal motive for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he
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must be made to anticipate indirect personal gain, such as
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might come with enemy evacuation or destruction of the ruling
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government group. Gains should be stated as specifically as
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possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the
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day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be
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thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and
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restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on.
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Abstract verbalizations about personal liberty, freedom of the
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press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the
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world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.
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(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur
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may become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of
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a large, though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against
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the enemy or the government of his own country and
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elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly: suggestions which
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he reads and hears can include observations that a particular
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technique has been successful in this or that district. Even if the
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technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another’s
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success will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can
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be conveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of
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simple sabotage can be contrived which will be published by
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white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press.
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Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in
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sabotage can be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage
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already are being broadcast by white radio and freedom
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stations, and this should be continued and expanded where
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compatible with security.
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(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a
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situation in which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of
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responsibility and begins to educate others in simple sabotage.
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\section{Encouraging Destructiveness}
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It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the
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circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense
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against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other
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acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the
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presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax
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tensions of fear.
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(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he
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should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly
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thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them
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grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should
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be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and
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careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards
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about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur
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will see many opportunities in his immediate environment
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which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind
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should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.
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(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage
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in physical destruction, two extreme types may be
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distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not
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technically trained and employed. This man needs specific
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suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as
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details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is
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accomplished.
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(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such
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as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably
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this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage
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which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this
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man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the
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direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be
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from his own field, should accomplish this.
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(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions
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and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media
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which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are:
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freedom stations or radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or
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leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or
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occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally,
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agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in
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anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate
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this information directly.
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\section{Safety Measures}
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2023-07-02 22:58:40 +00:00
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(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be
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governed not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but
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also by the amount of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast,
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and simple sabotage will be discouraged if too many simple
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saboteurs are arrested.
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(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other
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media for the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and
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targets which will insure the saboteur against detection and
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retaliation. Among such suggestions might be the following:
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\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
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(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a
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nail file can be carried normally on your person; either is a
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multi-purpose instrument for creating damage. Matches,
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pebbles, hair, salt, nails, and dozens of other destructive agents
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can be carried or kept in your living quarters without exciting
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any suspicion whatever. If you are a worker in a particular
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trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such things as
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wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.
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(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people
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could be responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in
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a factory at a central fire box, almost anyone could have done
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it. On-the-street sabotage after dark, such as you might be able
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to carry out against a military car or truck, is another example
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of an act for which it would be impossible to blame you.
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(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be
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blamed directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you
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have a plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an
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electric circuit because an air raid had kept you up the night
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before and you were half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in
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your apologies. Frequently you can “get away” with such acts
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under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-
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caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, or weakness and
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dullness due to undernourishment.
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(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist
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any temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers
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arouse suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it
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would be suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on
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your job, you should naturally stay at your work.
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\end{adjustwidth}
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\chapter{Tools, Targets, and Timing}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=0pt]{T}{he} citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it
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reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely
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concentrated on specific types of target according to the
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requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to
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control simple sabotage according to developing military
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factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of
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more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably
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intensified or notably slackened military activity.
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Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the
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area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for
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general types of situations likewise can be specified, for
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emphasis at the proper time by the underground press,
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freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.
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\section{Under General Conditions}
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(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it
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should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental
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to the materials and manpower of the enemy.
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(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day
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equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he
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looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example,
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emery dust—a at first may seen unobtainable but if the
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saboteur were to pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery
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wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful
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supply.
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(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his
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capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced
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person should not, for example, attempt to use explosives, but
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should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar
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weapons.
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(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and
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materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for
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early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that
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almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy
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use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are
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destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it
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would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food
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crops or food products.
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(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to
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military objects, he should give these preference above all
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others.
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\section{Prior to a Military Offensive}
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\section{During a Military Offensive}
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\chapter{Specific Suggestions for Simple Sabotage}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=1pt]{I}{t} will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple
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sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically
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what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition
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of simple sabotage.
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A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types
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of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a
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complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new
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techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be
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elaborated and expanded.
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\section{Buildings}
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\section{Industrial Production: Manufacturing}
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\section{Production: Metals}
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\section{Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction}
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\section{Production: Agriculture}
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\section{Transportation: Railways}
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\section{Transportation: Automotive}
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\section{Transportation: Water}
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\section{Communications}
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\section{Electric Power}
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\section{General Interference with Organizations and Production}
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\section{General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion}
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\end{document}
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