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\documentclass[twoside]{book}
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\fancyhead[CE,CO]{\textit{Simple Sabotage Field Manual}}
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\author{United States Office of Strategic Services}
\title{Simple Sabotage Field Manual}
\date{17 January 1944}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\chapter{Introduction}
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=-1pt]{T}{he} purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage,
to outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for
inciting and executing it.
Sabotage varies from highly technical \textit{coup de main} acts that
require detailed planning and the use of specially-trained
operatives, to innumerable simple acts which the ordinary
individual citizen-saboteur can perform. This paper is
primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does
not require specially prepared tools or equipment; it is
executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act
individually and without the necessity for active connection
with an organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as
to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.
Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-
saboteur are salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other
materials he might normally be expected to possess as a
householder or as a worker in his particular occupation. His
arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of
tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage are usually
objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access in
everyday life.
A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive
tools whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by
highly indirect means. It is based on universal opportunities to
make faulty decisions, to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and
to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be
simply a matter of placing tools in one spot instead of another.
A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothing more than
creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow workers,
engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity.
This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the ``human
element'' is frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and
general obstruction even under normal conditions. The
potential saboteur should discover what types of faulty
decisions and the operations are \textit{normally} found in this kind of
work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlarge that``margin for error''
\chapter{Possible Effects}
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=-2pt]{A}{cts} of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An
effort should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their
detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple
sabotage, multiplied by thousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be
an effective weapon against the enemy. Slashing tires, draining
fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly,
short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will
waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on a wide
scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on
the war effort of the enemy.
Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or
less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass
and demoralize enemy administrators and police. Further,
success may embolden the citizen-saboteur eventually to find
colleagues who can assist him in sabotage of greater
dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple sabotage by
natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these
individuals identify themselves actively with the United
Nations war effort, and encourage them to assist openly in
periods of Allied invasion and occupation.
\chapter{Motivating the Saboteur}
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=2pt, nindent=-0pt]{T}{o} incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage
and to keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained
periods is a special problem.
Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs
according to his own initiative and inclination. Acts of
destruction do not bring him any personal gain and may be
completely foreign to his habitually conservationist attitude
toward materials and tools. Purposeful stupidity is contrary to
human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or
assurance, and information and suggestions regarding feasible
methods of simple sabotage.
\section{Personal Motives}
(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate
personal motive for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he
must be made to anticipate indirect personal gain, such as
might come with enemy evacuation or destruction of the ruling
government group. Gains should be stated as specifically as
possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the
day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be
thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and
restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on.
Abstract verbalizations about personal liberty, freedom of the
press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the
world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.
(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur
may become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of
a large, though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against
the enemy or the government of his own country and
elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly: suggestions which
he reads and hears can include observations that a particular
technique has been successful in this or that district. Even if the
technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another’s
success will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can
be conveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of
simple sabotage can be contrived which will be published by
white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press.
Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in
sabotage can be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage
already are being broadcast by white radio and freedom
stations, and this should be continued and expanded where
compatible with security.
(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a
situation in which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of
responsibility and begins to educate others in simple sabotage.
\section{Encouraging Destructiveness}
It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the
circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense
against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other
acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the
presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax
tensions of fear.
(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he
should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly
thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them
grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should
be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and
careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards
about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur
will see many opportunities in his immediate environment
which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind
should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.
(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage
in physical destruction, two extreme types may be
distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not
technically trained and employed. This man needs specific
suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as
details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is
accomplished.
(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such
as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably
this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage
which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this
man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the
direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be
from his own field, should accomplish this.
(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions
and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media
which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are:
freedom stations or radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or
leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or
occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally,
agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in
anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate
this information directly.
\section{Safety Measures}
\chapter{Tools, Targets, and Timing}
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=0pt]{T}{he} citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it
reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely
concentrated on specific types of target according to the
requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to
control simple sabotage according to developing military
factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of
more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably
intensified or notably slackened military activity.
Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the
area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for
general types of situations likewise can be specified, for
emphasis at the proper time by the underground press,
freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.
\section{Under General Conditions}
(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it
should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental
to the materials and manpower of the enemy.
(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day
equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he
looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example,
emery dust—a at first may seen unobtainable but if the
saboteur were to pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery
wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful
supply.
(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his
capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced
person should not, for example, attempt to use explosives, but
should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar
weapons.
(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and
materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for
early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that
almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy
use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are
destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it
would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food
crops or food products.
(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to
military objects, he should give these preference above all
others.
\section{Prior to a Military Offensive}
\section{During a Military Offensive}
\chapter{Specific Suggestions for Simple Sabotage}
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=1pt]{I}{t} will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple
sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically
what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition
of simple sabotage.
A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types
of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a
complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new
techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be
elaborated and expanded.
\section{Buildings}
\section{Industrial Production: Manufacturing}
\section{Production: Metals}
\section{Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction}
\section{Production: Agriculture}
\section{Transportation: Railways}
\section{Transportation: Automotive}
\section{Transportation: Water}
\section{Communications}
\section{Electric Power}
\section{General Interference with Organizations and Production}
\section{General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion}
\end{document}