man-pages/ls/ls.1

.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE!  It was generated by help2man 1.47.3.
.TH LS "1" "September 2019" "GNU coreutils 8.30" "User Commands"
.SH NAME
ls \- list directory contents
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ls
[\fI\,OPTION\/\fR]... [\fI\,FILE\/\fR]...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\" Add any additional description here
.PP
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuvSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR is specified.
.PP
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
.TP
\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
do not ignore entries starting with .
.TP
\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR
do not list implied . and ..
.TP
\fB\-\-author\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, print the author of each file
.TP
\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR
print C\-style escapes for nongraphic characters
.TP
\fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI\,SIZE\/\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
e.g., '\-\-block\-size=M'; see SIZE format below
.TP
\fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR
do not list implied entries ending with ~
.TP
\fB\-c\fR
with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
.TP
\fB\-C\fR
list entries by columns
.TP
\fB\-\-color\fR[=\fI\,WHEN\/\fR]
colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
.TP
\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR
list directories themselves, not their contents
.TP
\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
.TP
\fB\-f\fR
do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-ls\fR \fB\-\-color\fR
.TP
\fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
.TP
\fB\-\-file\-type\fR
likewise, except do not append '*'
.TP
\fB\-\-format\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR,
single\-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR
.TP
\fB\-\-full\-time\fR
like \fB\-l\fR \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fI\,full\-iso\/\fR
.TP
\fB\-g\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list owner
.TP
\fB\-\-group\-directories\-first\fR
group directories before files;
.IP
can be augmented with a \fB\-\-sort\fR option, but any
use of \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,none\/\fR (\fB\-U\fR) disables grouping
.TP
\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR
in a long listing, don't print group names
.TP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR
with \fB\-l\fR and \fB\-s\fR, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
.TP
\fB\-\-si\fR
likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
.TP
\fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\fR
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
.TP
\fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\-symlink\-to\-dir\fR
follow each command line symbolic link
.IP
that points to a directory
.TP
\fB\-\-hide\fR=\fI\,PATTERN\/\fR
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by \fB\-a\fR or \fB\-A\fR)
.TP
\fB\-\-hyperlink\fR[=\fI\,WHEN\/\fR]
hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
.TP
\fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (\fB\-p\fR),
file\-type (\fB\-\-file\-type\fR), classify (\fB\-F\fR)
.TP
\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR
print the index number of each file
.TP
\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fI\,PATTERN\/\fR
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
.TP
\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kibibytes\fR
default to 1024\-byte blocks for disk usage;
used only with \fB\-s\fR and per directory totals
.TP
\fB\-l\fR
use a long listing format
.TP
\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR
when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
.TP
\fB\-m\fR
fill width with a comma separated list of entries
.TP
\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but list numeric user and group IDs
.TP
\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR
print entry names without quoting
.TP
\fB\-o\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list group information
.TP
\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fI\,slash\/\fR
append / indicator to directories
.TP
\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR
print ? instead of nongraphic characters
.TP
\fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR
show nongraphic characters as\-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
.TP
\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR
enclose entry names in double quotes
.TP
\fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell\-always,
shell\-escape, shell\-escape\-always, c, escape
(overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
.TP
\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR
reverse order while sorting
.TP
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR
list subdirectories recursively
.TP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
.TP
\fB\-S\fR
sort by file size, largest first
.TP
\fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
sort by WORD instead of name: none (\fB\-U\fR), size (\fB\-S\fR),
time (\fB\-t\fR), version (\fB\-v\fR), extension (\fB\-X\fR)
.TP
\fB\-\-time\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (\fB\-u\fR);
ctime or status (\fB\-c\fR); also use specified time
as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,time\/\fR (newest first)
.TP
\fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fI\,TIME_STYLE\/\fR
time/date format with \fB\-l\fR; see TIME_STYLE below
.TP
\fB\-t\fR
sort by modification time, newest first
.TP
\fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fI\,COLS\/\fR
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
.TP
\fB\-u\fR
with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time;
with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
.TP
\fB\-U\fR
do not sort; list entries in directory order
.TP
\fB\-v\fR
natural sort of (version) numbers within text
.TP
\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fI\,COLS\/\fR
set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
.TP
\fB\-x\fR
list entries by lines instead of by columns
.TP
\fB\-X\fR
sort alphabetically by entry extension
.TP
\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR
print any security context of each file
.TP
\fB\-1\fR
list one file per line.  Avoid '\en' with \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-b\fR
.TP
\fB\-\-help\fR
display this help and exit
.TP
\fB\-\-version\fR
output version information and exit
.PP
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
.PP
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non\-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix\-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
.PP
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with \fB\-\-color\fR=\fI\,never\/\fR.  With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fI\,auto\/\fR, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
.SS "Exit status:"
.TP
0
if OK,
.TP
1
if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
.TP
2
if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command\-line argument).
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
.SH "REPORTING BUGS"
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
.br
Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright \(co 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
.br
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
.br
or available locally via: info \(aq(coreutils) ls invocation\(aq