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.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.47.3.
.TH LS "1" "September 2019" "GNU coreutils 8.30" "User Commands"
.SH NAME
ls \- list directory contents
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B ls
[\fI\,OPTION\/\fR]... [\fI\,FILE\/\fR]...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\" Add any additional description here
.PP
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuvSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR is specified.
.PP
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
.TP
\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
do not ignore entries starting with .
.TP
\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR
do not list implied . and ..
.TP
\fB\-\-author\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, print the author of each file
.TP
\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR
print C\-style escapes for nongraphic characters
.TP
\fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI\,SIZE\/\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
e.g., '\-\-block\-size=M'; see SIZE format below
.TP
\fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR
do not list implied entries ending with ~
.TP
\fB\-c\fR
with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
.TP
\fB\-C\fR
list entries by columns
.TP
\fB\-\-color\fR[=\fI\,WHEN\/\fR]
colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
.TP
\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR
list directories themselves, not their contents
.TP
\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
.TP
\fB\-f\fR
do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-ls\fR \fB\-\-color\fR
.TP
\fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
.TP
\fB\-\-file\-type\fR
likewise, except do not append '*'
.TP
\fB\-\-format\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR,
single\-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR
.TP
\fB\-\-full\-time\fR
like \fB\-l\fR \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fI\,full\-iso\/\fR
.TP
\fB\-g\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list owner
.TP
\fB\-\-group\-directories\-first\fR
group directories before files;
.IP
can be augmented with a \fB\-\-sort\fR option, but any
use of \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,none\/\fR (\fB\-U\fR) disables grouping
.TP
\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR
in a long listing, don't print group names
.TP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR
with \fB\-l\fR and \fB\-s\fR, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
.TP
\fB\-\-si\fR
likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
.TP
\fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\fR
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
.TP
\fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\-symlink\-to\-dir\fR
follow each command line symbolic link
.IP
that points to a directory
.TP
\fB\-\-hide\fR=\fI\,PATTERN\/\fR
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by \fB\-a\fR or \fB\-A\fR)
.TP
\fB\-\-hyperlink\fR[=\fI\,WHEN\/\fR]
hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
.TP
\fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (\fB\-p\fR),
file\-type (\fB\-\-file\-type\fR), classify (\fB\-F\fR)
.TP
\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR
print the index number of each file
.TP
\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fI\,PATTERN\/\fR
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
.TP
\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kibibytes\fR
default to 1024\-byte blocks for disk usage;
used only with \fB\-s\fR and per directory totals
.TP
\fB\-l\fR
use a long listing format
.TP
\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR
when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
.TP
\fB\-m\fR
fill width with a comma separated list of entries
.TP
\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but list numeric user and group IDs
.TP
\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR
print entry names without quoting
.TP
\fB\-o\fR
like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list group information
.TP
\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fI\,slash\/\fR
append / indicator to directories
.TP
\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR
print ? instead of nongraphic characters
.TP
\fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR
show nongraphic characters as\-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
.TP
\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR
enclose entry names in double quotes
.TP
\fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell\-always,
shell\-escape, shell\-escape\-always, c, escape
(overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
.TP
\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR
reverse order while sorting
.TP
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR
list subdirectories recursively
.TP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
.TP
\fB\-S\fR
sort by file size, largest first
.TP
\fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
sort by WORD instead of name: none (\fB\-U\fR), size (\fB\-S\fR),
time (\fB\-t\fR), version (\fB\-v\fR), extension (\fB\-X\fR)
.TP
\fB\-\-time\fR=\fI\,WORD\/\fR
with \fB\-l\fR, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (\fB\-u\fR);
ctime or status (\fB\-c\fR); also use specified time
as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fI\,time\/\fR (newest first)
.TP
\fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fI\,TIME_STYLE\/\fR
time/date format with \fB\-l\fR; see TIME_STYLE below
.TP
\fB\-t\fR
sort by modification time, newest first
.TP
\fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fI\,COLS\/\fR
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
.TP
\fB\-u\fR
with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time;
with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
.TP
\fB\-U\fR
do not sort; list entries in directory order
.TP
\fB\-v\fR
natural sort of (version) numbers within text
.TP
\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fI\,COLS\/\fR
set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
.TP
\fB\-x\fR
list entries by lines instead of by columns
.TP
\fB\-X\fR
sort alphabetically by entry extension
.TP
\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR
print any security context of each file
.TP
\fB\-1\fR
list one file per line. Avoid '\en' with \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-b\fR
.TP
\fB\-\-help\fR
display this help and exit
.TP
\fB\-\-version\fR
output version information and exit
.PP
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
.PP
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non\-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix\-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
.PP
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with \fB\-\-color\fR=\fI\,never\/\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fI\,auto\/\fR, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
.SS "Exit status:"
.TP
0
if OK,
.TP
1
if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
.TP
2
if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command\-line argument).
.SH AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
.SH "REPORTING BUGS"
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
.br
Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
.SH COPYRIGHT
Copyright \(co 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
.br
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
.br
or available locally via: info \(aq(coreutils) ls invocation\(aq

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<h1>NAME</h1>
<p>ls - list directory contents</p>
<h1>SYNOPSIS</h1>
<p><strong>ls</strong> [<em>OPTION</em>]... [<em>FILE</em>]...</p>
<h1>DESCRIPTION</h1>
<p>List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of <strong>-cftuvSUX</strong> nor <strong>--sort</strong> is specified.</p>
<p>Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>-a</strong>, <strong>--all</strong></dt>
<dd><p>do not ignore entries starting with .</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-A</strong>, <strong>--almost-all</strong></dt>
<dd><p>do not list implied . and ..</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--author</strong></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-l</strong>, print the author of each file</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-b</strong>, <strong>--escape</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--block-size</strong>=<em>SIZE</em></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-l</strong>, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-B</strong>, <strong>--ignore-backups</strong></dt>
<dd><p>do not list implied entries ending with ~</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-c</strong></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-lt</strong>: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information); with <strong>-l</strong>: show ctime and sort by name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-C</strong></dt>
<dd><p>list entries by columns</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--color</strong>[=<em>WHEN</em>]</dt>
<dd><p>colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-d</strong>, <strong>--directory</strong></dt>
<dd><p>list directories themselves, not their contents</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-D</strong>, <strong>--dired</strong></dt>
<dd><p>generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-f</strong></dt>
<dd><p>do not sort, enable <strong>-aU</strong>, disable <strong>-ls</strong> <strong>--color</strong></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-F</strong>, <strong>--classify</strong></dt>
<dd><p>append indicator (one of */=&gt;@|) to entries</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--file-type</strong></dt>
<dd><p>likewise, except do not append '*'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--format</strong>=<em>WORD</em></dt>
<dd><p>across <strong>-x</strong>, commas <strong>-m</strong>, horizontal <strong>-x</strong>, long <strong>-l</strong>, single-column <strong>-1</strong>, verbose <strong>-l</strong>, vertical <strong>-C</strong></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--full-time</strong></dt>
<dd><p>like <strong>-l</strong> <strong>--time-style</strong>=<em>full-iso</em></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-g</strong></dt>
<dd><p>like <strong>-l</strong>, but do not list owner</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--group-directories-first</strong></dt>
<dd><p>group directories before files;</p>
<p>can be augmented with a <strong>--sort</strong> option, but any use of <strong>--sort</strong>=<em>none</em> (<strong>-U</strong>) disables grouping</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-G</strong>, <strong>--no-group</strong></dt>
<dd><p>in a long listing, don't print group names</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-h</strong>, <strong>--human-readable</strong></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-l</strong> and <strong>-s</strong>, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--si</strong></dt>
<dd><p>likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-H</strong>, <strong>--dereference-command-line</strong></dt>
<dd><p>follow symbolic links listed on the command line</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir</strong></dt>
<dd><p>follow each command line symbolic link</p>
<p>that points to a directory</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--hide</strong>=<em>PATTERN</em></dt>
<dd><p>do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by <strong>-a</strong> or <strong>-A</strong>)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--hyperlink</strong>[=<em>WHEN</em>]</dt>
<dd><p>hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--indicator-style</strong>=<em>WORD</em></dt>
<dd><p>append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (<strong>-p</strong>), file-type (<strong>--file-type</strong>), classify (<strong>-F</strong>)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-i</strong>, <strong>--inode</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print the index number of each file</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-I</strong>, <strong>--ignore</strong>=<em>PATTERN</em></dt>
<dd><p>do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-k</strong>, <strong>--kibibytes</strong></dt>
<dd><p>default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage; used only with <strong>-s</strong> and per directory totals</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-l</strong></dt>
<dd><p>use a long listing format</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-L</strong>, <strong>--dereference</strong></dt>
<dd><p>when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-m</strong></dt>
<dd><p>fill width with a comma separated list of entries</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-n</strong>, <strong>--numeric-uid-gid</strong></dt>
<dd><p>like <strong>-l</strong>, but list numeric user and group IDs</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-N</strong>, <strong>--literal</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print entry names without quoting</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-o</strong></dt>
<dd><p>like <strong>-l</strong>, but do not list group information</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-p</strong>, <strong>--indicator-style</strong>=<em>slash</em></dt>
<dd><p>append / indicator to directories</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-q</strong>, <strong>--hide-control-chars</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print ? instead of nongraphic characters</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--show-control-chars</strong></dt>
<dd><p>show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-Q</strong>, <strong>--quote-name</strong></dt>
<dd><p>enclose entry names in double quotes</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--quoting-style</strong>=<em>WORD</em></dt>
<dd><p>use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-r</strong>, <strong>--reverse</strong></dt>
<dd><p>reverse order while sorting</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-R</strong>, <strong>--recursive</strong></dt>
<dd><p>list subdirectories recursively</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-s</strong>, <strong>--size</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print the allocated size of each file, in blocks</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-S</strong></dt>
<dd><p>sort by file size, largest first</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--sort</strong>=<em>WORD</em></dt>
<dd><p>sort by WORD instead of name: none (<strong>-U</strong>), size (<strong>-S</strong>), time (<strong>-t</strong>), version (<strong>-v</strong>), extension (<strong>-X</strong>)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--time</strong>=<em>WORD</em></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-l</strong>, show time as WORD instead of default modification time: atime or access or use (<strong>-u</strong>); ctime or status (<strong>-c</strong>); also use specified time as sort key if <strong>--sort</strong>=<em>time</em> (newest first)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--time-style</strong>=<em>TIME_STYLE</em></dt>
<dd><p>time/date format with <strong>-l</strong>; see TIME_STYLE below</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-t</strong></dt>
<dd><p>sort by modification time, newest first</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-T</strong>, <strong>--tabsize</strong>=<em>COLS</em></dt>
<dd><p>assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-u</strong></dt>
<dd><p>with <strong>-lt</strong>: sort by, and show, access time; with <strong>-l</strong>: show access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-U</strong></dt>
<dd><p>do not sort; list entries in directory order</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-v</strong></dt>
<dd><p>natural sort of (version) numbers within text</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-w</strong>, <strong>--width</strong>=<em>COLS</em></dt>
<dd><p>set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-x</strong></dt>
<dd><p>list entries by lines instead of by columns</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-X</strong></dt>
<dd><p>sort alphabetically by entry extension</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-Z</strong>, <strong>--context</strong></dt>
<dd><p>print any security context of each file</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-1</strong></dt>
<dd><p>list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with <strong>-q</strong> or <strong>-b</strong></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--help</strong></dt>
<dd><p>display this help and exit</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>--version</strong></dt>
<dd><p>output version information and exit</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024). Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).</p>
<p>The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1&lt;newline&gt;FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files. TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale. Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.</p>
<p>Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with <strong>--color</strong>=<em>never</em>. With <strong>--color</strong>=<em>auto</em>, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.</p>
<h2>Exit status:</h2>
<dl>
<dt>0</dt>
<dd><p>if OK,</p>
</dd>
<dt>1</dt>
<dd><p>if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),</p>
</dd>
<dt>2</dt>
<dd><p>if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h1>AUTHOR</h1>
<p>Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.</p>
<h1>REPORTING BUGS</h1>
<p>GNU coreutils online help: &lt;https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/&gt;<br />
Report ls translation bugs to &lt;https://translationproject.org/team/&gt;</p>
<h1>COPYRIGHT</h1>
<p>Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;.<br />
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.</p>
<h1>SEE ALSO</h1>
<p>Full documentation at: &lt;https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls&gt;<br />
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'</p>

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.\" Copyright 1995 Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
.\"
.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
.\" permission notice identical to this one.
.\"
.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
.\" professionally.
.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.\" Corrected prototype and include, aeb, 990927
.TH LSEARCH 3 2017-09-15 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
lfind, lsearch \- linear search of an array
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <search.h>
.PP
.BI "void *lfind(const void *" key ", const void *" base ", size_t *" nmemb ,
.BI " size_t " size ", int(*" compar ")(const void *, const void *));"
.PP
.BI "void *lsearch(const void *" key ", void *" base ", size_t *" nmemb ,
.BI " size_t " size ", int(*" compar ")(const void *, const void *));"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR lfind ()
and
.BR lsearch ()
perform a linear search for
.I key
in the array
.IR base
which has
.I *nmemb
elements of
.I size
bytes each.
The comparison function referenced by
.I compar
is expected to have two arguments which point to the
.I key
object and to an array member, in that order, and which
returns zero if the
.I key
object matches the array member, and
nonzero otherwise.
.PP
If
.BR lsearch ()
does not find a matching element, then the
.I key
object is inserted at the end of the table, and
.I *nmemb
is
incremented.
In particular, one should know that a matching element
exists, or that more room is available.
.SH RETURN VALUE
.BR lfind ()
returns a pointer to a matching member of the array, or
NULL if no match is found.
.BR lsearch ()
returns a pointer to
a matching member of the array, or to the newly added member if no
match is found.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.TS
allbox;
lbw18 lb lb
l l l.
Interface Attribute Value
T{
.BR lfind (),
.BR lsearch ()
T} Thread safety MT-Safe
.TE
.sp 1
.SH CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.3BSD.
Present in libc since libc-4.6.27.
.SH BUGS
The naming is unfortunate.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR bsearch (3),
.BR hsearch (3),
.BR tsearch (3)
.SH COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux
.I man-pages
project.
A description of the project,
information about reporting bugs,
and the latest version of this page,
can be found at
\%https://www.kernel.org/doc/man\-pages/.

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MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the system reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [man options] [[section] page ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [man options] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [man options] file ...
man -w|-W [man options] page ...
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is
normally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page
associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A
section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of
the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available
sections following a pre-defined order (see DEFAULTS), and to show only
the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the
types of pages they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions, e.g. /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g.
man(7), groff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DE‐
SCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT,
FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and
SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used
as a guide in other sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance,
man will usually not be able to render italics when running in a termi‐
nal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all
possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate sev‐
eral exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this
manual page.
EXAMPLES
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man man.7
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
(This is an alternative spelling of "man 7 man".)
man 'man(7)'
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
(This is another alternative spelling of "man 7 man". It may be
more convenient when copying and pasting cross-references to manual
pages. Note that the parentheses must normally be quoted to pro‐
tect them from the shell.)
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages
contained within the manual. It is possible to quit between suc‐
cessive displays or skip any of them.
man -t bash | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page for bash into the default troff or groff
format and pipe it to the printer named ps. The default output for
groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which
processor is bound to the -t option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual
page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The redi‐
rection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to
stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with a program
such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program
such as dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword
printf as regular expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent
to apropos printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short
descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis smail.
OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility
as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search path, sec‐
tion order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations de‐
tailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the
operation of man. It is possible to set the "catch-all" variable
$MANOPT to any string in command line format, with the exception that
any spaces used as part of an option's argument must be escaped (pre‐
ceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own
command line. Those options requiring an argument will be overridden
by the same options found on the command line. To reset all of the op‐
tions set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the initial command line
option. This will allow man to "forget" about the options specified in
$MANOPT, although they must still have been valid.
Manual pages are normally stored in nroff(1) format under a directory
such as /usr/share/man. In some installations, there may also be pre‐
formatted cat pages to improve performance. See manpath(5) for details
of where these files are stored.
This package supports manual pages in multiple languages, controlled by
your locale. If your system did not set this up for you automatically,
then you may need to set $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG, or another system-depen‐
dent environment variable to indicate your preferred locale, usually
specified in the POSIX format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed
in lieu of the standard (usually American English) page.
If you find that the translations supplied with this package are not
available in your native language and you would like to supply them,
please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity.
Individual manual pages are normally written and maintained by the
maintainers of the program, function, or other topic that they docu‐
ment, and are not included with this package. If you find that a man‐
ual page is missing or inadequate, please report that to the maintain‐
ers of the package in question.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with
this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with the package.
DEFAULTS
The order of sections to search may be overridden by the environment
variable $MANSECT or by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config.
By default it is as follows:
1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7
The formatted manual page is displayed using a pager. This can be
specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default (see
option -P for details).
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command
line option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated.
If -p was not used and the environment variable was not set, the ini‐
tial line of the nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor string. To
contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p
below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default
set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary for‐
matter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an
executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man
tree root, it is executed instead. It gets passed the manual source
file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with
-T or -E as arguments.
OPTIONS
Non-argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in
$MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that require an argu‐
ment, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of
~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option and re‐
sets man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset those
options that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that
follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity
checks on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-
separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the de‐
fault is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff for a
list of available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the man‐
ual page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descrip‐
tions for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for
details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force
search, and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should
specify a section to reduce the number of pages that need to be
searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the default), or
regular expressions if the --regex option is used.
Note that this searches the sources of the manual pages, not the
rendered text, and so may include false positives due to things
like comments in source files. Searching the rendered text
would be much slower.
-l, --local-file
Activate "local" mode. Format and display local manual files
instead of searching through the system's manual collection.
Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source
file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is
listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin.
When this option is not used, and man fails to find the page re‐
quired, before displaying the error message, it attempts to act
as if this option was supplied, using the name as a filename and
looking for an exact match.
-w, --where, --path, --location
Don't actually display the manual page, but do print the loca‐
tion of the source nroff file that would be formatted. If the
-a option is also used, then print the locations of all source
files that match the search criteria.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual page, but do print the loca‐
tion of the preformatted cat file that would be displayed. If
the -a option is also used, then print the locations of all pre‐
formatted cat files that match the search criteria.
If -w and -W are both used, then print both source file and cat
file separated by a space. If all of -w, -W, and -a are used,
then do this for each possible match.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used by
the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output
its source converted to the specified encoding. If you already
know the encoding of the source file, you can also use man‐
conv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to convert
several manual pages to a single encoding without having to ex‐
plicitly state the encoding of each, provided that they were al‐
ready installed in a structure similar to a manual page hierar‐
chy.
Consider using man-recode(1) instead for converting multiple
manual pages, since it has an interface designed for bulk con‐
version and so can be much faster.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the
C function setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment
variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To tempo‐
rarily override the determined value, use this option to supply
a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take ef‐
fect until the search for pages actually begins. Output such as
the help message will always be displayed in the initially de‐
termined locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual
pages, they can be accessed using this option. To search for a
manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option
-m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited op‐
erating system names. To include a search of the native operat‐
ing system's manual pages, include the system name man in the
argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environ‐
ment variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses man‐
path derived code to determine the path to search. This option
overrides the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m
to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page
hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-db
manual (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages
outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
The given list is a colon- or comma-separated list of sections,
used to determine which manual sections to search and in what
order. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment variable.
(The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as
those that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual page
hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages
with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually
all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now
possible to put the pages in the correct section, and to assign
a specific "extension" to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under
normal operation, man will display exit(3) in preference to
exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to
know which section the page you require resides in, it is now
possible to give man a sub-extension string indicating which
package the page must belong to. Using the above example, sup‐
plying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to
pages having an extension of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the de‐
fault.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their de‐
scriptions matching each page argument as a regular expression,
as with apropos(1). Since there is usually no reasonable way to
pick a "best" page when searching for a regular expression, this
option implies -a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their de‐
scriptions matching each page argument using shell-style wild‐
cards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The page argument must
match the entire name or description, or match on word bound‐
aries in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable
way to pick a "best" page when searching for a wildcard, this
option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page
names, not page descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise, no
effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable
manual page it finds. Using this option forces man to display
all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to update its database caches of in‐
stalled manual pages. This is only needed in rare situations,
and it is normally better to run mandb(8) instead.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names
given on the command line as equivalent to a single manual page
name containing a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the
common pattern of programs that implement a number of subcom‐
mands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can
be accessed using similar syntax as would be used to invoke the
subcommands themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager,
falling back to cat if pager is not found or is not executable.
This option overrides the $MANPAGER environment variable, which
in turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is not
used in conjunction with -f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with argu‐
ments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or
double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple com‐
mands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take
the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will at‐
tempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The default
prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section
it was found under and x the current line number. This is
achieved by using the $LESS environment variable.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The
string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to
the name of the current manual page and its section name sur‐
rounded by "(" and ")". The string used to produce the default
could be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability
only. For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The prompt
string is first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes,
back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a
preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $
which may be followed by further options for less. By default
man sets the -ix8 options.
The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be used to
set a default prompt string if none is supplied on the command
line.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or
terminal emulator, some characters may not display correctly
when using the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff.
This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be displayed in
ascii with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1
text. The following table shows the translations performed:
some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GNU
nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
──────────────────────────────────────────
continuation hy‐ 255 ‐ -
phen
bullet (middle 267 • o
dot)
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication 327 × x
sign
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be
set up for latin1 characters and this option is not necessary.
If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading
this page using this option or man did not format this page us‐
ing the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is
missing or corrupt, you may need to view manual pages with this
option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and
may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default.
For backward compatibility, encoding may be an nroff device such
as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding
such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks
even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to
do so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing.
This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words will only
be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent
nroff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not
use this option, but consult the nroff documentation instead;
for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that it
may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a
word to prevent it from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins.
This option disables full justification, leaving justified only
to the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent
nroff from justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this op‐
tion, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance,
you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests to tem‐
porarily disable adjusting and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or
troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of pre‐
processors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to
designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind
(v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environ‐
ment variable. zsoelim is always run as the very first pre‐
processor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This op‐
tion is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output
to be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies
-t. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1,
ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will
display that output in a web browser. The choice of browser is
determined by the optional browser argument if one is provided,
by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-time de‐
fault if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t,
and will only work with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window
using the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be 75,
75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a
12-point base font. This option implies -T with the X75,
X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor
to produce output suitable for the chosen device. If groff
-mandoc is groff, this option is passed to groff and will sup‐
press the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.
Getting help
-?, --help
Print a help message and exit.
--usage
Print a short usage message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
EXIT STATUS
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't
matched.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for
manual pages.
MANROFFOPT
Every time man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff),
it adds the contents of $MANROFFOPT to the formatter's command
line.
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of
preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The default
preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sec‐
tions and it is used to determine which manual sections to
search and in what order. The default is "1 n l 8 3 2 3posix
3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7", unless overridden by the SECTION di‐
rective in /etc/manpath.config.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference),
its value is used as the name of the program used to display the
manual page. By default, pager is used, falling back to cat if
pager is not found or is not executable.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with argu‐
ments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or
double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple com‐
mands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take
the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default prompt
string for the less pager, as if it had been passed using the -r
option (so any occurrences of the text $MAN_PN will be expanded
in the same way). For example, if you want to set the prompt
string unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to
‘-Psmy prompt string’. Using the -r option overrides this envi‐
ronment variable.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of com‐
mands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a web
browser for man --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a
filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is replaced
by a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had
been specified as the argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line
and is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the other
man specific environment variables can be expressed as command
line options, and are thus candidates for being included in
$MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B.
All spaces that should be interpreted as part of an option's ar‐
gument must be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for
which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set, man‐
ual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to
the current terminal (using the value of $COLUMNS, and ioctl(2)
if available, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is
available). Cat pages will only be saved when the default for‐
matting can be used, that is when the terminal line length is
between 66 and 80 characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such
as to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are discarded to
make it easier to read the result without special tools. How‐
ever, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-empty value,
these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful
for wrappers around man that can interpret formatting charac‐
ters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually
to a pager), any error output from the command used to produce
formatted versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid inter‐
fering with the pager's display. Programs such as groff often
produce relatively minor error messages about typographical
problems such as poor alignment, which are unsightly and gener‐
ally confusing when displayed along with the manual page. How‐
ever, some users want to see them anyway, so, if
$MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value, error output
will be displayed as usual.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG
and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current message
locale. man will display its messages in that locale (if avail‐
able). See setlocale(3) for precise details.
FILES
/etc/manpath.config
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1),
whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8)
Documentation for some packages may be available in other formats, such
as info(1) or HTML.
HISTORY
1990, 1991 – Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by
Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
30th April 1994 – 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk)
has been developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few
dedicated people.
30th October 1996 – 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@de‐
bian.org> maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian project,
with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 – present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is
now developing and maintaining man-db.
2.9.1 2020-02-25 MAN(1)