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2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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\author{United States Office of Strategic Services}
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\title{Simple Sabotage Field Manual}
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\date{17 January 1944}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\tableofcontents
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\chapter{Introduction}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=-1pt]{T}{he} purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage,
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to outline its possible effects, and to present suggestions for
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inciting and executing it.
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Sabotage varies from highly technical \textit{coup de main} acts that
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require detailed planning and the use of specially-trained
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operatives, to innumerable simple acts which the ordinary
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individual citizen-saboteur can perform. This paper is
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primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does
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not require specially prepared tools or equipment; it is
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executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not act
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individually and without the necessity for active connection
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with an organized group; and it is carried out in such a way as
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to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal.
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Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-
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saboteur are salt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other
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materials he might normally be expected to possess as a
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householder or as a worker in his particular occupation. His
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arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of
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tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage are usually
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objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access in
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everyday life.
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A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive
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tools whatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by
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highly indirect means. It is based on universal opportunities to
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make faulty decisions, to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and
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to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be
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simply a matter of placing tools in one spot instead of another.
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A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothing more than
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creating an unpleasant situation among one’s fellow workers,
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engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity.
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This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the ``human
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element'' is frequently responsible for accidents, delays, and
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general obstruction even under normal conditions. The
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potential saboteur should discover what types of faulty
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decisions and the operations are \textit{normally} found in this kind of
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work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlarge that``margin for error''
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\chapter{Possible Effects}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=-2pt]{A}{cts} of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An
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effort should be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their
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detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple
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sabotage, multiplied by thousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be
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an effective weapon against the enemy. Slashing tires, draining
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fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly,
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short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will
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waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on a wide
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scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on
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the war effort of the enemy.
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Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or
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less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass
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and demoralize enemy administrators and police. Further,
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success may embolden the citizen-saboteur eventually to find
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colleagues who can assist him in sabotage of greater
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dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simple sabotage by
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natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these
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individuals identify themselves actively with the United
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Nations war effort, and encourage them to assist openly in
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periods of Allied invasion and occupation.
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\chapter{Motivating the Saboteur}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, findent=2pt, nindent=-0pt]{T}{o} incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage
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and to keep him practicing that sabotage over sustained
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periods is a special problem.
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Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs
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according to his own initiative and inclination. Acts of
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destruction do not bring him any personal gain and may be
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completely foreign to his habitually conservationist attitude
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toward materials and tools. Purposeful stupidity is contrary to
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human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or
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assurance, and information and suggestions regarding feasible
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methods of simple sabotage.
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\section{Personal Motives}
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2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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\hspace{\parindent}(a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate
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personal motive for committing simple sabotage. Instead, he
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must be made to anticipate indirect personal gain, such as
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might come with enemy evacuation or destruction of the ruling
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government group. Gains should be stated as specifically as
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possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the
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day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be
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thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and
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restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on.
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Abstract verbalizations about personal liberty, freedom of the
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press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the
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world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.
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(b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur
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may become discouraged unless he feels that he is a member of
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a large, though unseen, group of saboteurs operating against
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the enemy or the government of his own country and
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elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly: suggestions which
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he reads and hears can include observations that a particular
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technique has been successful in this or that district. Even if the
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technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another’s
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success will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can
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be conveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of
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simple sabotage can be contrived which will be published by
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white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press.
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Estimates of the proportion of the population engaged in
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sabotage can be disseminated. Instances of successful sabotage
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already are being broadcast by white radio and freedom
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stations, and this should be continued and expanded where
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compatible with security.
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(c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a
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situation in which the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of
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responsibility and begins to educate others in simple sabotage.
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\section{Encouraging Destructiveness}
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It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the
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circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense
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against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other
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acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the
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presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax
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tensions of fear.
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(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he
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should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly
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thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them
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grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should
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be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and
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careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards
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about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur
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will see many opportunities in his immediate environment
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which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind
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should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.
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(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage
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in physical destruction, two extreme types may be
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distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not
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technically trained and employed. This man needs specific
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suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as
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details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is
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accomplished.
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(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such
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as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably
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this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage
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which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this
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man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the
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direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be
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from his own field, should accomplish this.
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(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions
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and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media
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which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are:
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freedom stations or radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or
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leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or
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occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally,
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agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in
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anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate
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this information directly.
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\section{Safety Measures}
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2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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\hspace{\parindent}(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be
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governed not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but
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also by the amount of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast,
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and simple sabotage will be discouraged if too many simple
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saboteurs are arrested.
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(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other
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media for the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and
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targets which will insure the saboteur against detection and
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retaliation. Among such suggestions might be the following:
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\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
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\hspace{\parindent}(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a
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nail file can be carried normally on your person; either is a
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multi-purpose instrument for creating damage. Matches,
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pebbles, hair, salt, nails, and dozens of other destructive agents
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can be carried or kept in your living quarters without exciting
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any suspicion whatever. If you are a worker in a particular
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trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such things as
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wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.
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(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people
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could be responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in
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a factory at a central fire box, almost anyone could have done
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it. On-the-street sabotage after dark, such as you might be able
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to carry out against a military car or truck, is another example
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of an act for which it would be impossible to blame you.
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(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be
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blamed directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you
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have a plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an
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electric circuit because an air raid had kept you up the night
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before and you were half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in
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your apologies. Frequently you can “get away” with such acts
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under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-
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caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, or weakness and
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dullness due to undernourishment.
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(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist
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any temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers
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arouse suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it
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would be suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on
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your job, you should naturally stay at your work.
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\end{adjustwidth}
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\chapter{Tools, Targets, and Timing}
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\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=0pt]{T}{he} citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it
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reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely
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concentrated on specific types of target according to the
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requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to
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control simple sabotage according to developing military
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factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of
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more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably
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intensified or notably slackened military activity.
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Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the
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area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for
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general types of situations likewise can be specified, for
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emphasis at the proper time by the underground press,
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freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.
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\section{Under General Conditions}
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\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
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\hspace{\parindent}(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it
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should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental
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|
to the materials and manpower of the enemy.
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(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day
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|
equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he
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|
looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example,
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|
emery dust—a at first may seen unobtainable but if the
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saboteur were to pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery
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wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful
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supply.
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(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his
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capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced
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person should not, for example, attempt to use explosives, but
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should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar
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weapons.
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(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and
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materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for
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|
early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that
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|
almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy
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|
use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are
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|
destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it
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would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food
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crops or food products.
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(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to
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military objects, he should give these preference above all
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others.
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2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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\end{adjustwidth}
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2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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\section{Prior to a Military Offensive}
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2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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During periods which are quiescent in a military sense, such
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|
emphasis as can be given to simple sabotage might well center
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|
on industrial production, to lessen the flow of materials and
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|
|
equipment to the enemy. Slashing a rubber tire on an Army
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|
truck may be an act of value; spoiling a batch of rubber in the
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production plant is an act of still more value.
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2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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|
\section{During a Military Offensive}
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|
2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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|
\hspace{\parindent}(a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon
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destined to be, a theater of combat operations is that whose
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|
effects will be direct and immediate. Even if the effects are
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|
relatively minor and localized, this type of sabotage is to be
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|
preferred to activities whose effects, while widespread, are
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indirect and delayed.
|
2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
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\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
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|
\hspace{\parindent}(1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack
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transportation facilities of all kinds.
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Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto mobiles,
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|
trucks, motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams.
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(2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the
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|
authorities to transmit instructions or morale material should
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|
be the objects of simple sabotage. These include telephone,
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|
telegraph and power systems, radio, newspapers, placards, and
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|
public notices.
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|
(3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to
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|
the efficient functioning of transportation and communication,
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|
also should become targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may
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include oil, gasoline, tires, food, and water.
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|
\end{adjustwidth}
|
2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
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|
\chapter{Specific Suggestions for Simple Sabotage}
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|
\lettrine[loversize=0.3, nindent=1pt]{I}{t} will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple
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|
sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically
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|
what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition
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|
|
of simple sabotage.
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|
|
A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types
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|
|
of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a
|
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|
|
|
complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new
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|
|
techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be
|
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|
|
elaborated and expanded.
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|
\section{Buildings}
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|
2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
|
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|
Warehouses, barracks, offices, hotels, and factory buildings
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|
|
are outstanding targets for simple sabotage. They are extremely
|
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|
|
susceptible to damage, especially by fire; they offer
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|
|
opportunities to such untrained people as janitors, charwomen,
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|
|
and casual visitors; and, when damaged, they present a
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|
|
relatively large handicap to the enemy.
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|
(a) Fires can be started wherever there is an accumulation of
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|
|
inflammable material. Warehouses are obviously the most
|
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|
|
promising targets but incendiary sabotage need not be confined
|
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|
to them alone.
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|
\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
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(1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you
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|
have gone away. Use a candle and paper, combination, setting
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|
|
it as close as possible to the inflammable material you want to
|
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|
|
burn: From a sheet of paper, tear a strip three or four
|
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|
|
centimeters wide and wrap it around the base of the candle two
|
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|
|
or three times. Twist more sheets of paper into loose ropes and
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|
|
place them around the base of the candle. When the candle
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|
|
flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and in turn
|
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|
|
will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration
|
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|
|
of the resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use
|
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|
|
and how much of it you can cramp in a small space.
|
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|
|
(2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but
|
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|
|
rather inflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light
|
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|
|
|
more resistant materials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or
|
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|
|
|
twisted paper which has been soaked in gasoline. To create a
|
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|
|
|
briefer but even hotter flame, put celluloid such as you might
|
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|
|
find in an old comb, into a nest of plain or saturated paper
|
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|
|
|
which is to be fired by a candle.
|
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|
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|
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|
|
(3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a
|
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|
|
piece of string in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder
|
|
|
|
|
over the inch of string where greasy string meets clean string.
|
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|
|
|
Then ignite the clean end of the string. It will burn slowly
|
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|
|
without a flame (in much the same way that a cigarette burns)
|
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|
|
|
until it reaches the grease and gunpowder; it will then flare up
|
|
|
|
|
suddenly. The grease-treated string will then burn with a flame.
|
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|
|
|
The same effect may be achieved by using matches instead of
|
|
|
|
|
the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the match
|
|
|
|
|
heads, taking care that the string is not pressed or knotted.
|
|
|
|
|
They too will produce a sudden flame. The advantage of this
|
|
|
|
|
type of fuse is that string burns at a set speed. You can time
|
|
|
|
|
your fire by the length and thickness of the string you chose.
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4) Use a fuse such as; the ones suggested above to start a
|
|
|
|
|
fire in an office after hours. The destruction of records and
|
|
|
|
|
other types of documents would be a serious handicap to the
|
|
|
|
|
enemy.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should
|
|
|
|
|
accumulate oily and greasy waste. Such waste sometimes
|
|
|
|
|
ignites spontaneously, but it can easily be lit with a cigarette or
|
|
|
|
|
match. If you are a janitor on night duty, you can be the first to
|
|
|
|
|
report the fire, but don’t report it too soon.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty one is.
|
|
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|
|
Workers should be careless with refuse and janitors should be
|
|
|
|
|
inefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be
|
|
|
|
|
accumulated an otherwise fireproof building will become
|
|
|
|
|
inflammable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant
|
|
|
|
|
at night, shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a
|
|
|
|
|
candle burning in the room, closing the door tightly behind
|
|
|
|
|
you. After a time, the gas will explode, and a fire may or may
|
|
|
|
|
not follow.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{adjustwidth}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(b)Water and Miscellaneous
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hspace{\parindent}(1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler
|
|
|
|
|
system to work. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads
|
|
|
|
|
sharply with a hammer or by holding a match under them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper,
|
|
|
|
|
hair, and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with
|
|
|
|
|
a thick starch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball,
|
|
|
|
|
wrap it with string, and dry. Remove the string when fully
|
|
|
|
|
dried. The sponge will be in the form of a tight hard ball. Flush
|
|
|
|
|
down a W. C. or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge
|
|
|
|
|
will gradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage
|
|
|
|
|
system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the
|
|
|
|
|
daytime, so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on
|
|
|
|
|
at night. The fuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by
|
|
|
|
|
putting a coin behind them or loading them with heavy wire.
|
|
|
|
|
Then a short-circuit may either start a fire, damage
|
|
|
|
|
transformers, or blow out a central fuse which will interrupt
|
|
|
|
|
distribution of electricity to a large area.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that
|
|
|
|
|
will fit, into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public
|
|
|
|
|
buildings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{adjustwidth}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\section{Industrial Production: Manufacturing}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-07-02 23:19:05 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\hspace{\parindent}Tools
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1) Let cutting tools grow dull. They will be inefficient, will
|
|
|
|
|
slow down production, and may damage the materials and
|
|
|
|
|
parts you use them on.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2) Leave saws slightly twisted when you are not using them.
|
|
|
|
|
After a while, they will break when used.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its
|
|
|
|
|
time. So will dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy
|
|
|
|
|
pressure. Exert pressure on the backward stroke as well as the
|
|
|
|
|
forward stroke.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the
|
|
|
|
|
workpiece; they are easily broken this way.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it
|
|
|
|
|
more material than it is adjusted for — two blanks instead of
|
|
|
|
|
one, for example.
|
|
|
|
|
(7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so
|
|
|
|
|
on, are never efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and
|
|
|
|
|
electric contacts can easily be fouled by normal accumulations
|
|
|
|
|
of dirt or the insertion of foreign matter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{adjustwidth}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hspace{\parindent}(b) Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to
|
|
|
|
|
easy sabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving
|
|
|
|
|
parts. Sabotage of oil and lubrication will slow production or
|
|
|
|
|
stop work entirely at strategic points in industrial processes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\begin{adjustwidth}{2em}{2em}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\hspace{\parindent}(1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery
|
|
|
|
|
dust (get it by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and
|
|
|
|
|
similar hard, gritty substances directly into lubrication
|
|
|
|
|
systems. They will scour smooth surfaces, ruining pistons,
|
|
|
|
|
cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. They will overheat and
|
|
|
|
|
stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts, and
|
|
|
|
|
extensive repairs. Such materials, if they are used, should be
|
|
|
|
|
introduced into lubrication systems past any filters which
|
|
|
|
|
otherwise would strain them out.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter
|
|
|
|
|
system, poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the
|
|
|
|
|
filter mesh, then covering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of
|
|
|
|
|
it quickly, simply remove the filter.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter
|
|
|
|
|
directly, you may be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by
|
|
|
|
|
diluting it in storage. In this case, almost any liquid will do
|
|
|
|
|
which will thin the oil. A small amount of sulphuric acid,
|
|
|
|
|
varnish, water-glass, or linseed oil will be especially effective.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break
|
|
|
|
|
down a machine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will
|
|
|
|
|
“freeze” and stop.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if
|
|
|
|
|
it will float, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair,
|
|
|
|
|
pieces of string, dead insects, and many other common objects
|
|
|
|
|
will be effective in stopping or hindering the flow of oil through
|
|
|
|
|
feed lines and filters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy
|
|
|
|
|
oil outright rather than interfere with its effectiveness, by
|
|
|
|
|
removing stop-plugs from lubricating systems or by puncturing
|
|
|
|
|
the drums and cans in which it is stored.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{adjustwidth}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-07-02 22:48:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
\section{Production: Metals}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Production: Agriculture}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Transportation: Railways}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Transportation: Automotive}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Transportation: Water}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Communications}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{Electric Power}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{General Interference with Organizations and Production}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\section{General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\end{document}
|